As loving pet parents, we cherish our furry companions and want to share every aspect of our lives with them, including our meals. However, human foods can be your dog’s best friend or their worst enemy. While some human foods are perfectly safe and even healthy for your dog to eat, many common household items can make your dog very ill, and some are toxic even in very small amounts. In fact, over 401,500 pet poisonings occur in the United States every year, with common household foods being a significant contributor.
It can be tough to keep track of what exactly your dog can and cannot eat, making pet poisonings a real and serious threat. This guide on what food should you not feed a dog will serve as your essential “cheat sheet” to help keep your beloved fur buddy safe and healthy, focusing on crucial information for every dog owner.
Understanding Why Certain Foods Are Toxic to Dogs
Why can humans safely eat many foods that are harmful or even deadly for dogs? The answer lies in the fundamental differences between canine and human digestion and metabolism. Dogs’ bodies process certain substances very differently, leading to varied reactions to the same food items.
For instance, dogs metabolize the theobromine and caffeine found in chocolate much slower than humans do. This slower processing means these substances can rapidly build up to toxic levels in their systems, potentially becoming fatal. Similarly, while you might enjoy cherries, the cyanide present in their pits, stems, and leaves can pose a significant problem if ingested by your dog in large quantities. Moreover, fruit pits are difficult for dogs to digest and can lead to gastrointestinal upset, like diarrhea, making it best to avoid them altogether. Understanding these differences is key to identifying what foods should you not feed your dog and why.
It’s also important to note that food toxicity can vary significantly based on your dog’s size, breed, and overall health condition. A small amount of a toxic substance might be harmless to a large dog but lethal to a tiny puppy. This underscores the critical importance of consulting your veterinarian if you ever have questions or concerns about specific foods your dog might have ingested.
Common Foods Your Dog Must Avoid
Many household foods that seem harmless to us are, in fact, dangerous and often toxic to dogs. While this is not an all-inclusive list, it highlights some of the most common and severe culprits that your dog should steer clear of to prevent serious health issues.
1. Alcohol
Even small amounts of alcohol can have deadly effects on dogs due to their smaller size and different metabolism. Symptoms of alcohol poisoning in dogs mirror those in humans, including vomiting, breathing problems, coma, or even death. Always keep alcoholic beverages out of your pet’s reach.
A dog looking curiously at a spilled drink with an alcoholic beverage in the background
2. Fruit Seeds and Pits (Apples, Apricots, Cherries, Plums)
While the fleshy parts of apples are safe (when deseeded), the core and apple seeds contain cyanide. Though small amounts might not be immediately problematic, it’s best to avoid them entirely. Apricot, cherry, peach, and plum seeds and pits also contain cyanide, which can lead to severe symptoms such as vomiting, irregular heartbeats, seizures, coma, and even death by preventing red blood cells from carrying oxygen properly.
3. Avocado
Avocados are not a good choice for dogs. They contain a substance called persin, which can be harmful to various animal species. While documented cases of avocado toxicity in dogs are rare, they have been linked to myocardial damage. Furthermore, an intact avocado pit poses a significant choking hazard and can cause a life-threatening gastrointestinal obstruction. Therefore, it’s safest to keep avocados away from your dog.
4. Broccoli
Broccoli contains isothiocyanates, compounds that can be harmful to pets in very large doses. Although tiny amounts of broccoli might be tolerable occasionally, there are many other healthier and safer vegetable options available for your dog. Additionally, broccoli stalks can be a choking hazard and may cause an obstruction in a dog’s throat.
5. Caffeine and Coffee Grounds
Caffeine is highly toxic to dogs because it contains methylxanthines. Ingestion can lead to potentially fatal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, seizures, and an irregular heartbeat. Even small amounts found in coffee grounds, tea bags, or caffeinated beverages can cause a dog’s heart to race, leading to tremors, arrhythmia, and difficulty breathing.
6. Fatty Meats (Chicken/Turkey Skin, Ham, and Other Fatty Cuts)
Feeding your dog fatty cuts of meat like chicken or turkey skin, or ham, is ill-advised. These items are bad for dogs due to their high fat content, which can trigger acute pancreatitis—a painful and potentially life-threatening illness with severe complications. For dogs with an upset stomach, what is good for dogs to eat with upset stomach is a crucial question to discuss with your vet, and fatty foods are certainly not the answer.
It’s also critical to avoid giving dogs cooked turkey or chicken bones. These bones can splinter easily, leading to internal obstructions or damage to the stomach and intestines. Such injuries can even puncture the digestive tract, resulting in a fatal abdominal infection.
7. Chocolate
Chocolate toxicity is one of the most common causes of pet poisoning, especially during holidays. Dogs must never eat any chocolate product. Chocolate contains a lethal component called theobromine; the darker the chocolate, the higher its concentration of this toxin. Chocolate also contains caffeine, and some sugar-free varieties may even include xylitol, which is also highly toxic to dogs.
Dogs and cats simply cannot metabolize chocolate as effectively as humans. Dark chocolate and baker’s chocolate are the most dangerous, but any type of chocolate can be problematic. Symptoms of chocolate ingestion include hyperactivity, vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis, abnormal heart rhythm, and seizures. If your dog consumes any amount of chocolate, no matter how small, contact your veterinarian immediately.
Pieces of dark chocolate, milk chocolate, and chocolate chips
8. Grapes and Raisins
Grapes and raisins are exceptionally dangerous for dogs. These fruits can cause severe problems, including acute kidney failure, because the tartaric acid they contain is highly toxic to a dog’s kidneys. Even a few bites can wreak havoc on their system.
Symptoms of raisin or grape poisoning can include vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, lethargy, and changes in urination patterns, from increased to no urine output. Prompt veterinary attention is crucial if your dog ingests any amount of these fruits.
A bunch of red grapes and several raisins
9. Macadamia Nuts, Almonds, and Pistachios
Macadamia nuts are highly toxic to dogs and can cause numerous painful symptoms, including weakness, overheating, tremors, and vomiting. The exact mechanism of toxicity is not fully understood, but even as few as six nuts can cause severe poisoning in a small dog.
While macadamia nuts are the most dangerous, other nuts like almonds and pistachios should also be avoided due to potential choking hazards. Additionally, many flavored or spiced nuts contain ingredients harmful to dogs, such as excessive salt or seasonings.
Assorted nuts including macadamia nuts, almonds, and pistachios in a bowl
10. Milk and Dairy Products
The suitability of milk and other dairy products for dogs is on a case-by-case basis. Some dogs can tolerate them without issue, while others are lactose intolerant or allergic, experiencing symptoms like diarrhea and gas from cow’s milk.
Ice cream is generally bad for dogs due to its high sugar and fat content. Instead, consider freezing healthy fruits that your dog can safely eat. Small quantities of lower-fat cheese can be acceptable as an occasional treat, but high-fat varieties should be avoided.
11. Mushrooms
It is always safest to err on the side of caution and avoid feeding your dog any mushrooms. Wild mushrooms can contain a variety of toxins that may lead to kidney and liver failure, severe vomiting, diarrhea, hallucinations, and damage to red blood cells. Even store-bought white button mushrooms, while possibly safe if thoroughly washed, are best avoided in favor of other, unequivocally safe treats.
12. Nutmeg and Cinnamon
Dogs should never be fed foods containing nutmeg. This spice contains a compound called myristicin, which can cause hallucinations and severe vomiting. Its effects are particularly strong when consumed in high doses or by smaller dogs. If your dog ingests any amount of nutmeg, contact your veterinarian for guidance.
Cinnamon is not considered toxic, but it can irritate a dog’s mouth and, in larger quantities, may lead to low blood sugar, which can have serious health implications for your pup.
Whole nutmeg seeds, ground nutmeg, and cinnamon sticks
13. Onions, Garlic, Chives, and Leeks (Allium Family)
Many pet owners are surprised to learn that herbs and vegetables belonging to the allium family, such as onions, garlic, chives, and leeks, are highly unsafe for their pups. These plants contain sulfoxides and disulfides, which can damage red blood cells and cause anemia in both cats and dogs.
Onion and garlic powders are frequently found in many prepared foods, including some baby foods, so it’s essential to carefully read labels before sharing any store-bought items with your pet. All allium plants can cause potentially fatal anemia in dogs, with certain Japanese breeds like Akitas and Shiba Inus being particularly sensitive, though they pose a danger to all dogs.
Various allium vegetables including sliced onions, garlic cloves, chives, and leeks
14. Salt
Excessive amounts of salt can severely disrupt the fluid balance of cells in your dog’s body, leading to serious health issues. Too much salt can cause tremors, seizures, diarrhea, and even coma. Be vigilant about items containing high levels of salt, whether it’s rock salt, homemade play dough, or salty snacks like potato chips. Your dog’s health should always come before their begging eyes.
15. Spicy Food
Keep your pup strictly away from spicy foods. Hot and spicy ingredients can cause significant gastrointestinal distress, including vomiting, stomach ulcers, or diarrhea. These conditions can be incredibly painful for your dog and potentially costly for you if emergency veterinary care is required.
16. Sugar-Free Gum and Candy (Xylitol)
Xylitol is an artificial sweetener commonly found in many human foods, including sugar-free gum, candies, and baked goods. In dogs, even a small amount can cause a rapid and dangerous drop in blood sugar (hypoglycemia), leading to weakness, disorientation, and even seizures. Some dogs may also develop severe liver failure.
Dog poisoning cases involving xylitol are alarmingly on the rise. The amount of xylitol in just five pieces of sugar-free gum has the potential to be fatal for a 65-pound dog. Always check labels for xylitol before sharing any human foods with your pet.
Sugar-free chewing gum and candies in their wrappers
17. Tomatoes and Raw Potatoes
Tomatoes and potatoes fall into the category of “safe in some forms, unsafe in others.” A ripened red tomato is generally considered safe for dogs in moderation. However, the green parts of the tomato plant, along with unripe green tomatoes, contain solanine, a toxic compound.
Potatoes follow a similar rule. Baked or boiled potatoes without any additives are generally safe in small quantities. However, raw potatoes also contain solanine, making them toxic to dogs.
18. Tobacco
Tobacco and nicotine-containing products are extremely dangerous and unhealthy for your dog. Exposure, whether through ingestion of cigarettes, cigarette butts, or other tobacco products, can cause a wide range of symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, rapid or labored breathing, agitation, abnormal heart rate, wobbliness, weak muscles, and seizures.
More significant or frequent exposure can lead to blue gums, coma, and ultimately be fatal. Dogs are curious creatures and might pick up discarded tobacco products during walks. If your dog ingests any tobacco, immediate veterinary attention is critical.
19. Yeast and Raw Dough
Yeast and raw dough are unsafe for dogs for several critical reasons. The raw dough can expand significantly in your dog’s stomach, causing severe pain and potentially leading to life-threatening conditions like gastric torsion or rupture of the stomach.
Furthermore, the yeast and sugar in raw dough can ferment in the warm environment of a dog’s stomach, producing alcohol. This can quickly result in alcohol toxicity, which can be fatal and requires immediate medical intervention.
20. Raw Meat
Never feed your dog raw or undercooked meat. Raw meat can harbor dangerous bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli, which can be harmful to dogs just as they are to humans. Additionally, raw meat often contains bones, which pose a significant choking hazard and can splinter, causing internal injuries to your dog’s digestive tract.
21. Rhubarb
Rhubarb, a common ingredient in human desserts, is not safe for pets. Its leaves contain soluble calcium oxalate crystals, which, if ingested in sufficient quantities, can bind with calcium in the body. This binding can lead to a dangerous drop in calcium levels and potentially result in renal (kidney) failure. Symptoms can include tremors, weakness, excessive drooling, bloody urine, and changes in thirst and urination.
22. Star Fruit
Similar to rhubarb, star fruit also contains soluble calcium oxalate crystals. This makes star fruit unsafe for dogs, as ingestion can lead to the same serious health complications, including kidney issues. It’s best to keep this exotic fruit off your dog’s menu.
23. Flavored and Seltzer Water
When it comes to your dog’s hydration, it is always safest to offer fresh, clean, plain water. Flavored and carbonated waters can contain added ingredients that are dangerous for pups, such as excessive sugar or salt. Plain seltzer water, while generally not toxic in small amounts, might lead to gas and bloating. It’s always best to stick to regular, plain water for your dog’s well-being.
Beyond the forbidden list, many owners wonder what people food can dogs have safely. While our focus here is on what to avoid, consulting resources on safe human foods can help diversify your dog’s diet responsibly.
What Dogs Are Most at Risk from Toxic Foods?
While all dogs should be protected from toxic foods, some are inherently more vulnerable due to their physiology or life stage. Understanding these risk factors can help you be even more vigilant.
- Small Breeds vs. Large Breeds: Smaller dogs are generally more susceptible to the effects of toxic substances because of their lower body weight. A small amount of a toxin, such as chocolate, can have a much more severe impact on a Chihuahua than on a Great Dane.
- Puppies: Young dogs have less developed digestive and immune systems, making them more vulnerable to certain substances. Their curious nature also means they are more likely to ingest things they shouldn’t.
- Elderly Dogs: Older dogs may be at higher risk due to pre-existing health conditions or a weakened immune system. Existing organ damage, for instance, can amplify the negative effects of toxins.
- Dogs with Pre-existing Conditions: Dogs with underlying health issues like diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, or pancreatitis are at a significantly higher risk if they consume toxic foods. These substances can exacerbate their conditions, leading to more severe complications.
For specific concerns, such as what vegetables can french bulldogs eat, always consult your veterinarian to ensure the best dietary choices for your particular breed and its unique health needs.
How to Prevent Your Dog from Eating Toxic Foods
While accidents can happen, proactive measures can significantly minimize the risk of your beloved pup getting into unsafe human food. Vigilance and education are your best tools.
1. Store Foods Out of Reach
The simplest and most effective prevention method is to ensure your dog cannot access any toxic food. Keep dangerous items on high shelves, securely locked away in cabinets that your pup cannot open, or in tightly sealed containers. Never leave tempting but toxic foods on countertops or low tables where a curious dog can easily reach them.
2. Avoid Feeding from Your Plate
Resist the urge to feed your dog directly from your plate or while you are cooking in the kitchen, even if it’s just a small treat. This practice can teach your dog to beg for human food, making it harder to control what they ingest. It’s safest to only give your pup treats that are specifically formulated and approved for dogs.
3. Educate Family Members and Guests
Ensure everyone in your household, including children and guests, understands the dangers of certain human foods for dogs. Explain that no matter how tempting it might be to sneak a treat, they should never feed your dog anything without your explicit permission or confirmation that it is safe.
4. Be Cautious During Holidays
Holidays often involve an abundance of special foods and a busier household, making it easier to let your guard down. Be extra cautious during these times. Keep all holiday dishes, especially those containing common toxic ingredients like chocolate, grapes, or fatty meats, securely out of reach.
Despite your best efforts, precautions sometimes fail. If your dog does eat something toxic, being prepared can save their life. Keep a readily accessible list of emergency contacts, including your veterinarian and a 24/7 animal poison control helpline.
What to Do If Your Dog Eats Something Toxic
If you suspect your dog has ingested a toxic food, getting help as quickly as possible is paramount. Timing is vital, as early intervention can significantly improve the outcome and shorten hospitalization time.
First, familiarize yourself with the common symptoms of food toxicity. These can vary depending on the substance ingested but often include listlessness, distress, pain, vomiting, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), excessive drooling, agitation, tremors, or an abnormal heart rate. In some cases, a dog’s stomach may become bloated and hard to the touch, a painful and potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate treatment.
If you notice any of these symptoms or suspect ingestion:
- Call Your Veterinarian or Poison Control Right Away: This is the most crucial step. Do not wait for symptoms to worsen.
- Be Ready with All Important Information: Provide details such as the type of food eaten, the estimated amount consumed, and the time of ingestion. If possible, have the packaging or a photo of the food ready.
- Avoid Home Remedies Unless Instructed: Do not attempt to induce vomiting or administer any home remedies unless specifically advised by your veterinarian or poison control. What might be helpful for one type of toxin could be harmful for another. Even inducing vomiting can be dangerous in certain situations.
Keeping Your Dog Healthy and Safe
From household toxins to dangerous human foods, it can be challenging to keep track of everything your dog shouldn’t get into, especially since dogs don’t always have the most discerning taste! However, by following this comprehensive guide and staying vigilant, you can significantly reduce the risk of your dog ingesting foods that can harm them.
While this article focuses on what to avoid, remember that there are plenty of safe and healthy dog-friendly treats available. Always consult with your veterinarian if you are ever unsure about a particular food or have any concerns about your dog’s diet. Prioritizing their safety ensures they remain healthy, happy companions for years to come.
