For dog owners, understanding canine nutrition is paramount to ensuring the health and longevity of their beloved companions. While many human foods are perfectly safe and even beneficial for dogs, a surprising number of common household items can be incredibly dangerous, even toxic, in small amounts. These hidden dangers contribute to hundreds of thousands of pet poisoning incidents in the United States every year, underscoring the critical need for pet parents to be well-informed. This guide, drawing on veterinary expertise, aims to be your essential resource on What Foods Should Never Be Given To Dogs, helping you safeguard your furry friend from potential harm.
Understanding the distinctions between what dogs can and cannot consume is crucial for preventing emergencies and promoting optimal canine well-being. It can be challenging to keep track, but with the right knowledge, you can navigate your kitchen with confidence, ensuring only safe and healthy options make it into your dog’s bowl. To learn more about what dogs shouldn’t eat, consider reading [what are dogs not allowed to eat us](https://dogcarestory.com/what-are-dogs-not-allowed-to-eat-us/).
Why Certain Foods Are Toxic to Dogs
A fundamental reason why some foods are toxic to dogs, yet safe for humans, lies in the significant differences in canine digestion and metabolism. Dogs process various substances in ways that are distinct from our own, making many human foods potentially harmful.
For instance, theobromine and caffeine, common in chocolate, are metabolized much slower by dogs than by humans. This slower breakdown means these substances can rapidly accumulate in a dog’s system, quickly reaching toxic levels that can be fatal. Similarly, while cherries are a harmless treat for people, their pits, stems, and leaves contain cyanide. Although small amounts might not pose an immediate threat, large quantities can be problematic. Moreover, cherry pits are difficult for dogs to digest and can lead to gastrointestinal upset like diarrhea, making it best to avoid them entirely.
Food toxicity can also be influenced by factors such as a dog’s size, breed, and overall health condition. A substance that might cause mild discomfort in a large dog could be life-threatening for a small breed. Therefore, always consult your veterinarian if you have any uncertainties about foods your dog should not eat.
Foods Dogs Should Never Eat
Many everyday household foods pose serious risks to dogs, ranging from digestive upset to life-threatening toxicity. The following list details common foods that are dangerous and often toxic to dogs. While extensive, it’s important to remember that this is not an exhaustive list, and vigilance is always key.
Here’s an overview of some of the most critical items to keep out of your dog’s reach. For a more complete understanding of all foods dogs can’t eat, explore [what are all the foods dogs cant eat](https://dogcarestory.com/what-are-all-the-foods-dogs-cant-eat/).
1. Alcohol
Given their smaller size compared to humans, even minimal amounts of alcohol can have devastating and potentially fatal effects on dogs. The risk increases significantly with smaller pets. Symptoms of alcohol poisoning in dogs mirror those in humans, including vomiting, breathing difficulties, loss of consciousness (coma), and even death. It is imperative to keep all alcoholic beverages and products containing alcohol far away from your dog.
A glass of wine being poured, representing alcohol.
2. Apple, Apricot, Cherry, and Plum Seeds/Pits
While the flesh of apples is safe for dogs (without the core and seeds), the core and seeds are not. Apple seeds contain cyanide, a toxic compound. Although small quantities might not cause immediate harm, it’s always safest to completely remove the core and seeds. Similarly, the pits from apricots, cherries, peaches, and plums must be avoided. These pits also contain cyanide, which can lead to severe symptoms such as vomiting, irregular and rapid heartbeats, seizures, coma, and even death. This occurs because cyanide impairs the ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen effectively throughout the body.
3. Avocado
Avocados are generally not a good food choice for dogs. While rare, there have been reported cases, such as two dogs in South Africa that died from myocardial damage after consuming avocados. Although this specific outcome has not been widely replicated, avocados are known to cause issues in other mammal species. Furthermore, an intact avocado pit can cause a dangerous obstruction in a dog’s gastrointestinal tract if swallowed. Therefore, it is best to completely avoid feeding avocado to your pet.
4. Broccoli
Broccoli contains isothiocyanates, compounds that can be harmful to pets if consumed in very large doses. While an occasional small amount of broccoli might be tolerated, it’s generally advisable to avoid it, especially since numerous other healthy and safe vegetable options are available for dogs. Additionally, broccoli stalks can sometimes pose a choking hazard or cause an obstruction if they become lodged in a dog’s throat.
5. Caffeine and Coffee Grounds
Caffeine contains methylxanthines, substances that can be highly toxic to dogs and lead to severe, potentially fatal symptoms. These include diarrhea, vomiting, seizures, and an irregular heartbeat. Even accidental ingestion of coffee grounds or highly caffeinated drinks can cause a dog’s heart to race, leading to tremors, arrhythmia, difficulty breathing, and other serious health issues. Always keep coffee, tea, energy drinks, and any caffeine-containing products out of your dog’s reach.
6. Chicken & Turkey Skin, Ham, & Other Fatty Cuts of Meat
Fatty cuts of meat, including ham and poultry skin from chicken or turkey, should be discarded rather than given to pets as treats. Their high-fat content can trigger acute pancreatitis, a severe and potentially life-threatening inflammation of the pancreas with serious complications.
Furthermore, avoid giving dogs turkey and chicken bones. These bones can splinter easily, leading to internal injuries such as obstructions in the bowels or damage to the stomach and intestines. In extreme cases, splinters can puncture these organs, resulting in a fatal abdominal infection.
7. Chocolate
Chocolate toxicity is one of the most frequently reported causes of pet poisoning, particularly during holidays. Dogs should absolutely not consume any chocolate products. Chocolate contains theobromine, a compound toxic to canines, with darker chocolates and baker’s chocolate having the highest concentrations. Chocolate also contains caffeine, and some sugar-free varieties may contain xylitol, both of which are also highly toxic to dogs.
Dogs and cats metabolize chocolate much less efficiently than humans, allowing toxins to build up rapidly in their systems. Symptoms of chocolate ingestion can include hyperactivity, vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis, abnormal heart rhythms, and seizures. If your dog consumes any amount of chocolate, no matter how small, immediate veterinary attention is crucial.
Various chocolate bars and a chocolate chip cookie, representing chocolate.
8. Grapes and Raisins
Grapes and raisins are exceptionally dangerous to dogs and can cause severe health problems, including acute kidney failure. The tartaric acid present in these fruits is highly toxic to canine kidneys. Even a small number of grapes or raisins can be enough to cause significant harm. Symptoms of grape or raisin poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, changes in the frequency or amount of urination, or a complete inability to urinate. Due to the severity of their effects, these fruits must be strictly avoided.
A bowl of green grapes, representing grapes and raisins.
9. Macadamia Nuts, Almonds, & Pistachios
Macadamia nuts are particularly hazardous for dogs, causing various painful symptoms such as weakness, overheating, and vomiting. While the exact mechanism of their toxicity remains somewhat unclear, macadamia nuts are definitively considered poisonous to dogs. As few as six nuts can induce severe poisoning in a small dog.
Other nuts, like pistachios and almonds, may not be as directly toxic as macadamia nuts but can still pose significant risks. They can be choking hazards, especially for smaller dogs, and often come flavored or spiced, which can introduce other harmful ingredients. Always exercise caution with any nuts and consult your vet if your dog ingests them.
10. Milk and Dairy Products
The suitability of milk and other dairy products for dogs varies considerably by individual. Some dogs can tolerate milk or dairy without issues, while others are lactose intolerant or allergic, experiencing symptoms like diarrhea and gas after consuming cow’s milk.
Ice cream, in particular, is generally bad for dogs due to its high sugar and fat content. Instead of ice cream, consider offering healthy, dog-safe frozen fruits as a refreshing treat. Small quantities of lower-fat cheese can be acceptable as an occasional treat, but high-fat varieties should be avoided. Always monitor your dog for adverse reactions when introducing dairy.
11. Mushrooms
It is safest to avoid feeding your dog any type of mushroom. Mushrooms can contain a diverse range of toxins that may lead to severe health issues, including kidney and liver failure, vomiting, diarrhea, hallucinations, and damage to red blood cells. While washed, white grocery store mushrooms might theoretically be safe, the risk of misidentification or contamination makes it prudent to choose alternative, definitively safe treats. When in doubt, always err on the side of caution.
12. Nutmeg & Cinnamon
Nutmeg should never be given to dogs, as it can cause serious symptoms like hallucinations and severe vomiting. The toxic compound in nutmeg is myristicin, and its effects are more pronounced in higher doses or when consumed by smaller dogs. If your dog ingests any amount of nutmeg, contact your veterinarian immediately for guidance.
Cinnamon, while not typically considered toxic, should also be avoided. It can irritate a dog’s mouth and, in some cases, lead to a dangerous drop in blood sugar, which can have serious health repercussions for your pup.
13. Onions, Garlic, Chives, & Leeks
Many pet owners are unaware that herbs and vegetables belonging to the allium family—including onions, garlic, chives, and leeks—are highly unsafe for dogs. These plants contain sulfoxides and disulfides, compounds that can damage a dog’s red blood cells, leading to a condition called anemia. It’s crucial to be vigilant, as onion and garlic powders are frequently found in many prepared human foods, even baby food, so always check labels before offering store-bought items to your pet.
All allium plants can cause potentially fatal anemia in both dogs and cats. Certain Japanese breeds, such as Akitas and Shiba Inus, are particularly sensitive, but these plants are dangerous for all dogs, regardless of breed.
Fresh onions, garlic, and chives, representing allium vegetables.
14. Salt
Excessive salt intake can critically disrupt the fluid balance in a dog’s cells, leading to severe health problems. Too much salt can cause tremors, seizures, diarrhea, and even coma. Whether your dog is begging for a bite of food containing rock salt, a piece of homemade play dough, or salty potato chips, resist their pleading eyes to protect their health.
15. Spicy Food
Spicy foods should be strictly kept away from your dog. Hot and spicy ingredients can cause painful reactions such as vomiting, stomach ulcers, or diarrhea, leading to considerable discomfort for your pet and potentially costly emergency veterinary visits. It’s always best to offer bland, dog-appropriate treats to avoid these adverse effects.
16. Sugar-Free Gum & Candy (Xylitol)
Xylitol is an artificial sweetener commonly found in many human foods, including sugar-free gum, candies, and certain baked goods. For dogs, xylitol is profoundly toxic and can cause a rapid and dangerous drop in blood sugar, leading to weakness, loss of coordination, and even seizures. In severe cases, some dogs may develop liver failure.
The prevalence of dog poisoning cases involving xylitol is increasing. Alarmingly, the amount of xylitol found in just five pieces of sugar-free gum has the potential to be fatal for a 65-pound dog. Always check ingredient labels carefully and keep all products containing xylitol securely out of your dog’s reach.
Sugar-free gum and candies, representing xylitol-containing products.
17. Tomatoes and Raw Potatoes
Tomatoes and potatoes fall into a category where some forms are safe, while others are toxic. A ripe, red tomato is generally considered safe for dogs. However, the green parts of the tomato plant, including stems and leaves, contain solanine, a compound toxic to dogs. Unripe green tomatoes also contain solanine.
Raw potatoes present a similar risk. While baked or boiled potatoes (without additives) are typically safe in small quantities, raw potatoes also contain solanine, which is toxic to dogs. Always ensure potatoes are cooked thoroughly and served plain, and avoid any green parts of tomatoes or raw potato.
18. Tobacco
Tobacco and nicotine-containing products are extremely dangerous and unhealthy for your dog. Exposure can lead to a wide range of symptoms, including vomiting, diarrhea, rapid or labored breathing, agitation, abnormal heart rate, wobbliness, muscle weakness, fluctuating blood pressure (high or low), seizures, and tremors. More significant or frequent exposure can result in blue gums, coma, and ultimately be fatal.
Dogs are naturally curious and may ingest discarded cigarettes on walks or rummage through ashtrays. If your dog comes into contact with or ingests tobacco, it is a medical emergency requiring immediate veterinary attention.
19. Yeast & Raw Dough
Yeast and raw dough pose multiple severe threats to dogs. The raw dough can expand significantly within a dog’s stomach, causing intense pain and potentially life-threatening conditions such as gastric torsion (bloat) or stomach rupture. Additionally, the yeast and sugar in raw dough ferment, producing alcohol. This can lead to alcohol toxicity, which can quickly become fatal and necessitates immediate medical intervention. Always keep raw dough completely inaccessible to your pets.
20. Raw Meat
Never feed your dog raw or undercooked meat. Raw meat can harbor dangerous bacteria such as Salmonella or E. coli, which are harmful to dogs as well as humans. Beyond bacterial risks, the bones in raw meat can present a significant choking hazard or cause internal injuries if splintered and swallowed. Always ensure any meat given to your dog is thoroughly cooked and boneless.
Raw meat on a cutting board, representing uncooked food.
21. Rhubarb
Rhubarb, a plant commonly used in human desserts, is unsafe for pets. Its leaves contain soluble calcium oxalate crystals. If consumed in sufficiently large quantities, these crystals can bind with calcium in the body, causing a dangerous drop in calcium levels and potentially leading to renal (kidney) failure. Symptoms of rhubarb poisoning include tremors, weakness, excessive drooling, bloody urine, changes in thirst and urination patterns, and vomiting.
22. Star Fruit
Similar to rhubarb, star fruit also contains soluble calcium oxalate crystals, making it an unsafe choice for dogs. Avoid letting your dog snack on this fruit due to the risk of calcium imbalance and potential kidney issues.
23. Flavored Water and Seltzer Water
It is always safest to provide your dog with fresh, clean, plain water rather than anything flavored or carbonated. Seltzer and flavored waters can contain added ingredients that are dangerous for dogs, such as excessive sugar or salt. While plain seltzer water might be acceptable in very small amounts in urgent situations, it can still cause gas and bloating. Sticking to plain, unadulterated water is always the best and safest option for your pet.
Safe Human Foods for Dogs
While the list of foods dogs cannot eat is extensive, there are also numerous human foods that are perfectly safe and healthy for your canine companion. Some of the most popular and safest choices include small amounts of dehydrated chicken or beef, apples (without the core), green beans, and carrots.
Here are some beloved human foods that your dog can enjoy. This list is not exhaustive, but it provides a great starting point. To understand what dogs can eat, including a variety of fruits and vegetables, you can also refer to [what dog can eat and can t eat](https://dogcarestory.com/what-dog-can-eat-and-can-t-eat/).
1. Apples, Oranges, & Bananas
The fleshy parts of apples, when the core and seeds are carefully removed, are fine for dogs. Always cut off a small piece to eliminate any risk of your dog ingesting the toxic core. Oranges are safe in small, moderated amounts. Bananas, without the peel, can also be a tasty treat when given in moderation.
2. Blueberries & Blackberries
Blueberries are a fantastic and healthy treat that most dogs adore. They are packed with antioxidants, fiber, phytochemicals, and vitamin C, all of which contribute to your dog’s overall health. Blackberries are also generally safe for dogs in moderation.
3. Cantaloupe, Mango, Peaches, Pears, Pineapples, & Watermelon
A wide variety of fruits can be safely enjoyed by your dog, so experiment to discover their favorites! Cantaloupe is an excellent option to start with. Many dogs also love watermelon, provided the rinds and seeds (including the pale seeds in seedless varieties) are removed to prevent choking hazards. Being mostly water, watermelon is especially refreshing on a warm day. Mangoes, peaches, pears, and pineapples are also safe in moderation; just ensure all seeds, pits, and cores are removed before serving these fruity treats.
4. Carrots, Cucumber, and Celery
When considering safe vegetables and fruits for your dog, remember the “three C’s”: carrots, cucumbers, and celery. These options are particularly beneficial for overweight dogs due to their low-calorie content. Bite-sized carrot pieces offer a satisfying crunch that many dogs enjoy. Celery also provides a fun crunch and can even help with bad breath. Cucumber slices are rich in vitamins and minerals while being very low in carbohydrates and fats.
5. Cheese
While dairy products like milk should generally be approached with caution, small amounts of cheese can be an acceptable treat if your dog is not lactose intolerant. Always opt for lower-fat varieties, such as a small piece of mozzarella, as high-fat cheeses can be dangerous for dogs. If in doubt, consult your veterinarian about the best type of cheese.
6. Eggs
Fully cooked eggs make a delicious and beneficial treat for your dog. Scrambled eggs, in particular, can help soothe an upset stomach and provide an excellent source of protein. Ensure they are cooked thoroughly and served plain, without excessive butter, salt, or seasonings.
7. Peanuts, Peanut Butter, and Cashews
Peanuts and cashews are generally safe for dogs when given in small quantities. However, due to their high-fat content, they should only be offered occasionally and in moderation. Crucially, ensure they are unsalted, unflavored, and unspiced. Peanut butter, in moderation, is a popular and protein-rich treat for dogs. Always choose unsalted peanut butter and rigorously avoid any sugar-free varieties that contain xylitol.
8. Popcorn and Corn
Popcorn can be a fun and tasty treat for your dog. Choose air-popped, unsalted, and unbuttered popcorn, and carefully check it to ensure no unpopped kernels remain, as these could pose a choking hazard. Similarly, corn (removed from the cob) is acceptable when served plain, without butter, salt, or spices.
9. Coconut and Honey
In small amounts, coconut (including coconut milk and coconut oil) is generally fine for your dog. It contains lauric acid, which some believe may assist with allergies. However, some dogs might experience an upset stomach from fresh coconut or coconut milk, so introduce it cautiously. Avoid coconut water, which is not safe, and ensure your dog doesn’t eat the fibrous shell, which can be a choking hazard. Honey, when given in moderation, is also safe and offers beneficial vitamins and minerals.
10. Shrimp and Fish
Plain, fully cooked shrimp is an excellent choice for your dog. Remember to remove the shell, head, tail, and legs, and avoid any shrimp that has been seasoned, salted, or buttered. Fish, particularly salmon and sardines, is also permissible. Ensure the fish is plain, fully cooked, and boneless. A good guideline is to offer fish no more than twice a week. Plain, canned tuna (packed in water, not oil) is safe in moderation to avoid excessive mercury and salt intake.
11. Turkey
Turkey meat is a healthy and safe option for dogs once the skin, fat, and bones have been removed. Offer small, plain bites of turkey as a delicious treat and a great source of protein. Always avoid seasoned or salted turkey.
12. Grains, Wheat, and Quinoa
Grains like wheat and corn, in small quantities, are generally fine for dogs. Quinoa is a healthier filler option. When introducing new grains, always monitor your dog for any signs of allergic reactions.
13. Green Beans
Many dogs enjoy green beans, whether served raw, steamed, or from a can. They are safe, tasty, and healthy, making them a great combination. Opt for raw or plainly cooked green beans without added spices, oils, or salt. Cut them into small bites to prevent choking.
What Dogs Are Most at Risk if They Consume Toxic Foods?
While all dogs should be protected from toxic foods, certain groups are at a heightened risk of severe reactions if they ingest harmful substances. Understanding these vulnerabilities can help you implement more targeted preventative measures.
- Small Breeds vs. Large Breeds: Smaller dogs are inherently more vulnerable to toxic substances due to their lower body weight. A small amount of chocolate, for example, can have a far more dangerous impact on a Chihuahua than on a Great Dane.
- Puppies: Younger dogs have less developed digestive and immune systems, making them more susceptible to harm from various substances, including certain raw foods.
- Elderly Dogs: Older dogs may face higher risks due to pre-existing health conditions or a weakened immune system. For instance, dogs with other health problems should not be fed raw dog food.
- Dogs with Pre-existing Conditions: Dogs suffering from conditions like diabetes or kidney disease are at a significantly greater risk if they consume toxic foods, as their bodies may be less able to cope with the added strain.
How to Prevent Your Dog from Eating Toxic Foods
Accidents can happen, but proactive measures can significantly reduce the risk of your beloved companion ingesting unsafe human food. Diligence and consistent habits are key to keeping your pup safe. You can refer to [a list of what dogs cant eat](https://dogcarestory.com/a-list-of-what-dogs-cant-eat/) for a comprehensive overview to share with family and guests.
1. Store Foods Out of Reach
Ensure all toxic foods are inaccessible to your dog. Keep dangerous items on high shelves, securely locked away in cabinets, or in containers your pup cannot open. Even seemingly innocent items like a chocolate bar left on a coffee table can quickly become a deadly temptation.
2. Avoid Feeding Dogs from Your Plate
Resist the urge to feed your dog scraps from your plate or while you are cooking in the kitchen, even if it’s just a small “treat.” This practice can encourage begging and confusion about which foods are permissible. It is safest to only provide treats specifically formulated and approved for dogs.
3. Educate Family Members and Guests
Make sure all family members, including children, and any guests visiting your home are aware of the foods that are dangerous for dogs. Emphasize that no matter how tempting it is to sneak a treat, they should never feed your dog human food without your explicit permission and verification of its safety.
4. Be Careful During Holidays
Exercise extra caution during holidays and special occasions. The hustle and bustle of these times, coupled with an abundance of special human foods, can make it easy to let your guard down. Be especially mindful of open food containers, unattended plates, and guests who may not be aware of your dog’s dietary restrictions.
If, despite your precautions, your dog does consume something toxic, being prepared can make all the difference. Keep emergency contact information readily accessible for 24/7 emergency veterinarians and pet poison control hotlines.
What to Do if Your Dog Eats Something Toxic
If you suspect your dog has consumed toxic food, swift action is paramount. Recognizing the symptoms of food toxicity is crucial for a rapid response. Symptoms vary depending on the ingested substance but can include listlessness, distress, pain, vomiting, bloody stools, or a bloated stomach that feels hard to the touch. A bloated stomach, in particular, can be a sign of a painful condition that, if untreated, could lead to gastric rupture.
Should you observe these symptoms or suspect ingestion, take the following steps:
- Call your veterinarian or poison control immediately. Time is of the essence in cases of poisoning. Early intervention typically leads to more successful treatments and shorter hospitalization periods. For more information on foods that might upset your dog’s digestion, you can explore
[what foods are not good for dogs digestion](https://dogcarestory.com/what-foods-are-not-good-for-dogs-digestion/). - Be prepared with critical information. When you call, have details ready regarding the type of food eaten, the estimated amount consumed, and the approximate time of ingestion. This information will help veterinary professionals assess the severity and guide their treatment recommendations.
- Avoid home remedies unless advised by your veterinarian. Do not attempt to induce vomiting or administer any home remedies without explicit instructions from a veterinary professional. The appropriate course of action varies greatly depending on the specific toxin ingested, and some remedies, including inducing vomiting, can be harmful in certain situations.
Pets Best Can Help You Keep Your Dog Healthy
Navigating the myriad of household toxins and dangerous foods can be a challenge for even the most vigilant dog owner. Dogs, with their curious nature, don’t always have the most discerning tastes. However, by adhering to this comprehensive guide and remaining watchful, you can significantly protect your dog from foods that could harm them.
The good news is that there is an abundance of safe and healthy foods that your dog can enjoy! Discover which approved options on our list your dog loves, and offer them as well-deserved treats. If you ever find yourself unsure about the safety of any food, always err on the side of caution and consult with your veterinarian.
Pet insurance is a valuable tool to help you safeguard your dog against unexpected encounters with toxins or illnesses. At Pets Best, our dog and puppy insurance plans are designed to be customized to your pet’s unique needs. Furthermore, Pets Best policyholders benefit from access to a 24/7 Pet Helpline, allowing them to speak with a veterinary expert anytime they are concerned about something their pet may have ingested.
