What Foods Can Dogs Not Eat? A Comprehensive Guide to Toxic & Safe Human Foods

As loving pet parents, we often share our lives, our homes, and sometimes even our meals with our beloved canine companions. While a shared snack might seem like a harmless act of affection, the truth is that canine digestion and metabolism are vastly different from our own. This fundamental difference means that many common household foods that are perfectly safe for humans can be extremely dangerous, and even lethal, for dogs. Understanding what foods dogs cannot eat is not just important – it’s crucial for their health and well-being.

Pet poisonings are a significant concern, with hundreds of thousands occurring annually in the United States alone. While not all incidents are food-related, common human foods contribute substantially to these alarming statistics. This guide serves as your essential “cheat sheet,” detailing the foods your dog must avoid and highlighting those they can safely enjoy. By equipping yourself with this knowledge, you can prevent accidental poisonings and ensure your furry friend stays healthy and happy. If your dog is feeling unwell or has specific dietary needs, it’s always best to consult with your veterinarian about what can you feed a sick dog.

Why Certain Foods Are Toxic to Dogs

The question of “what can dogs eat and not eat” stems from the unique biological makeup of canines. Dogs process certain substances in ways that are fundamentally different from humans, leading to toxic reactions even to seemingly innocuous foods.

For instance, theobromine and caffeine, compounds found in chocolate, are metabolized much slower by dogs than by humans. This slow processing allows these substances to accumulate rapidly in a dog’s system, potentially leading to fatal consequences. Similarly, while humans can easily digest cherries, the pits, stems, and leaves contain cyanide, which can be problematic if ingested in large quantities by dogs. Beyond chemical toxicity, indigestible pits, like those in cherries, can also cause gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea.

Food toxicity is not always a one-size-fits-all scenario; it can vary based on a dog’s size, breed, and overall health condition. A small dog, for example, may react much more severely to a small amount of a toxic substance than a large breed. This variability underscores the importance of consulting your veterinarian if you have any questions or concerns about foods your dog should not eat. Understanding these differences is key to making informed decisions about your dog’s diet and keeping them safe.

List of Common Foods Dogs Cannot Eat

Many household foods pose serious risks, ranging from digestive upset to life-threatening toxicity, for dogs. While this list compiles the most common and dangerous items, it is not exhaustive. Always err on the side of caution if you are unsure about a particular food.

Dog looking at an alcoholic drink

1. Alcohol

Due to their smaller size and different metabolic rates, alcohol has a much more potent and dangerous effect on pets than on humans. Even minimal amounts of alcohol can cause significant harm, with smaller dogs being particularly vulnerable. Symptoms of alcohol poisoning in dogs mirror those in people, including vomiting, breathing difficulties, disorientation, coma, and even death. It’s crucial to keep all alcoholic beverages completely out of reach.

2. Apple, Apricot, Cherry, Peach, and Plum Seeds/Pits

While the fleshy part of apples is generally safe for dogs when cored and deseeded, the core and especially the seeds are not. Apple seeds contain cyanide, a potent toxin. Although small amounts might not cause immediate severe harm, it’s always safest to completely avoid giving your dog apple cores or seeds. Similarly, the seeds and pits of apricots, cherries, peaches, and plums also contain cyanide. Ingestion can lead to symptoms like vomiting, an irregular or rapid heartbeat, seizures, coma, and even death, as cyanide interferes with the red blood cells’ ability to transport oxygen effectively.

Close up of sliced avocado

3. Avocado

Avocados are generally not recommended for dogs. They contain a substance called persin, which can be toxic to some animals, though its effects on dogs are debated. However, documented cases of myocardial damage in dogs have been reported after avocado consumption, although these results have not been consistently replicated. A more immediate concern is the large pit, which can easily cause a gastrointestinal obstruction if ingested whole, requiring urgent veterinary intervention. Therefore, it’s best to keep avocados away from your dog.

4. Broccoli

Broccoli contains isothiocyanates, compounds that can be harmful to pets in very large doses. While a tiny, occasional piece might be tolerated by some dogs, it’s generally best to avoid feeding broccoli due to the potential for digestive upset. Furthermore, broccoli stalks can be a choking hazard for dogs, especially if not cut into very small, manageable pieces. Given the abundance of other healthy and safe vegetable options, it’s often wiser to choose an alternative treat.

Coffee beans and grounds next to a cup of coffee

5. Caffeine and Coffee Grounds

Caffeine is a potent stimulant that contains methylxanthines, which are highly toxic to dogs. Ingestion can lead to a range of severe and potentially fatal symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, hyperactivity, seizures, and an irregular heartbeat. Even a small amount of coffee grounds, a caffeinated beverage, or any product high in caffeine can cause a rapid increase in heart rate, tremors, arrhythmia, difficulty breathing, and other serious health issues. Always keep coffee, tea, energy drinks, and caffeine-containing supplements out of your dog’s reach.

6. Chicken & Turkey Skin, Ham, & Other Fatty Cuts of Meat

Fatty meats, including chicken and turkey skin, ham, and other high-fat cuts, should be strictly avoided. Their high fat content can trigger acute pancreatitis in dogs, a life-threatening illness characterized by severe inflammation of the pancreas and potentially complicated by other health issues. Instead of offering these fatty scraps, dispose of them safely.

Additionally, avoid giving dogs cooked turkey or chicken bones. Unlike raw bones, cooked bones become brittle and can splinter easily, posing severe risks. These splinters can cause internal damage, obstruct the bowels, or even puncture the stomach or intestines, leading to a fatal abdominal infection. If you’re wondering what to do to get your dog to eat after an illness, low-fat, cooked protein sources are usually recommended.

Dog looking at a bar of chocolate

7. Chocolate

Chocolate toxicity is one of the most widely recognized and common forms of pet poisoning, especially during holidays when treats are abundant. Dogs absolutely cannot eat any chocolate product. Chocolate contains theobromine, a compound that dogs cannot metabolize efficiently. The darker the chocolate, the higher the concentration of theobromine, making dark chocolate and baker’s chocolate particularly dangerous. Chocolate also contains caffeine, another methylxanthine. Some sugar-free chocolates may also contain xylitol, an artificial sweetener that is highly toxic to dogs.

Symptoms of chocolate ingestion can include hyperactivity, vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis, abnormal heart rhythms, and seizures. Even a small amount of chocolate warrants immediate veterinary attention.

Close up of grapes and raisins

8. Grapes and Raisins

Grapes and raisins are incredibly dangerous for dogs and can cause acute kidney failure. The toxic component, tartaric acid, directly harms a dog’s kidneys, and even a few pieces can wreak havoc. The exact mechanism of toxicity isn’t fully understood, but the consequences are severe. Symptoms of grape or raisin poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, lethargy, dehydration, increased or decreased urination, and eventually, the inability to produce any urine, indicating kidney failure. Always keep these fruits out of your dog’s reach.

Pile of macadamia nuts

9. Macadamia Nuts, Almonds, and Pistachios

Macadamia nuts are particularly toxic to dogs, causing painful symptoms such as weakness, tremors, paralysis, overheating, and vomiting. The precise toxic mechanism remains a mystery, but these nuts are definitively recognized as harmful. Ingestion of as few as six macadamia nuts can lead to severe poisoning in a small dog.

While other nuts like almonds and pistachios are not inherently as toxic as macadamia nuts, they present other risks. Their high fat content can lead to pancreatitis, and their size and hard texture make them significant choking hazards, especially for smaller breeds. Furthermore, flavored or spiced nuts can contain additional harmful ingredients like salt, garlic, or onion powder, which are also toxic to dogs.

Dog looking at a glass of milk and cheese

10. Milk and Dairy Products

The suitability of milk and other dairy products for dogs is highly individual. While some dogs can consume dairy without issues, many are lactose intolerant or have allergies, leading to digestive upset such as diarrhea and gas. This is because adult dogs often lack sufficient lactase, the enzyme needed to break down lactose.

Foods like ice cream are particularly problematic due to their high sugar and fat content, which can cause stomach upset or pancreatitis. Instead of ice cream, consider freezing small pieces of dog-safe fruits as a refreshing alternative. Cheese can be given in very small quantities as an occasional treat, but opt for lower-fat varieties to minimize the risk of pancreatitis. If you have a sensitive dog, you might want to consider what can you feed your dog when they are sick that is gentle on their stomach.

11. Mushrooms

It’s safest to entirely avoid feeding your dog wild mushrooms, as many species are highly toxic and can cause severe symptoms including kidney and liver failure, vomiting, diarrhea, hallucinations, and damage to red blood cells. Even store-bought white mushrooms, while generally considered non-toxic after thorough washing, are best avoided on principle due to the difficulty in distinguishing safe from dangerous varieties, particularly if a dog has access to outdoor areas where wild mushrooms grow. Choosing other proven safe treats is a much safer option.

Nutmeg and cinnamon sticks

12. Nutmeg and Cinnamon

Nutmeg is highly toxic to dogs and should never be offered. It contains myristicin, a compound that can cause severe vomiting, hallucinations, disorientation, increased heart rate, and central nervous system effects. The effects are more pronounced in high doses or in smaller dogs. If your dog ingests any amount of nutmeg, contact your veterinarian immediately.

Cinnamon, while not considered toxic, can still cause problems. In powdered form, it can irritate your dog’s mouth, throat, and digestive tract, leading to discomfort, coughing, or choking if inhaled. Large quantities can potentially cause low blood sugar, which can have serious health implications for your pup. It’s best to steer clear of both spices in your dog’s diet.

Onions, garlic, chives, and leeks

13. Onions, Garlic, Chives, and Leeks

Many pet owners are unaware that members of the allium family, including onions, garlic, chives, and leeks, are highly dangerous for dogs and cats. These plants contain sulfoxides and disulfides, compounds that can damage red blood cells, leading to a potentially fatal condition called hemolytic anemia. Symptoms may include lethargy, weakness, pale gums, rapid breathing, and dark urine. Onion and garlic powders, often found in prepared foods (even baby food or broths), are equally toxic, so always read food labels carefully before offering any store-bought items to your pet. Certain Japanese dog breeds, such as Akitas and Shiba Inus, are particularly sensitive to allium plants, but they pose a risk to all dogs.

Salt shaker and a pile of salt

14. Salt

Excessive salt intake can be very harmful to dogs, disrupting the fluid balance in their cells. Too much salt can lead to symptoms such as tremors, seizures, vomiting, diarrhea, and even coma, potentially causing sodium ion poisoning. Whether it’s rock salt, homemade play dough (which often contains salt), or salty snacks like potato chips, it’s crucial to prevent your dog from consuming large amounts of salt. Always ensure your dog has access to fresh, clean water, especially if they’ve accidentally consumed something salty.

15. Spicy Food

Spicy foods, often containing capsaicin, can cause significant discomfort and health issues for dogs. They can irritate the mouth and digestive tract, leading to symptoms like excessive thirst, drooling, vomiting, stomach ulcers, and painful diarrhea. Such reactions can not only be distressing for your dog but also result in costly emergency veterinary visits. It’s best to keep your pup away from any heavily spiced or hot foods.

Sugar-free gum and candy with xylitol warning

16. Sugar-Free Gum and Candy (Xylitol)

Xylitol is an artificial sweetener commonly found in numerous human products, including sugar-free gum, candies, mints, baked goods, toothpaste, and some peanut butters. For dogs, xylitol is profoundly toxic. Even small amounts can cause a rapid and dangerous drop in blood sugar (hypoglycemia), leading to weakness, incoordination, collapse, and seizures. In more severe cases, it can result in liver failure. Cases of xylitol poisoning in dogs are unfortunately on the rise. As little as five pieces of xylitol-containing gum have the potential to be fatal to a 65-pound dog. Always check ingredient labels for xylitol before sharing any human foods or products with your pet.

Tomatoes and raw potatoes

17. Tomatoes and Raw Potatoes

Tomatoes and potatoes fall into a category of foods that are safe in some forms but unsafe in others. A ripe, red tomato is generally considered safe for dogs in moderation. However, the green parts of the tomato plant, including stems, leaves, and green, unripe tomatoes, contain solanine, a toxic glycoalkaloid. Solanine can cause gastrointestinal upset, lethargy, weakness, and neurological symptoms.

Similarly, cooked potatoes (baked or boiled, plain) are typically safe in small amounts. However, raw potatoes also contain solanine, particularly in their green parts or sprouts. It’s crucial to never feed raw potatoes to your dog. For dogs with an upset stomach, you might consider what can i feed my dog when he’s sick that is easy to digest.

Tobacco products

18. Tobacco

Tobacco and nicotine-containing products are extremely dangerous and unhealthy for dogs. Nicotine is a potent toxin that can be absorbed through ingestion or even skin contact. Symptoms of nicotine poisoning can range from vomiting, diarrhea, rapid or labored breathing, and agitation to abnormal heart rate, wobbliness, muscle weakness, and fluctuations in blood pressure. More severe or prolonged exposure can lead to blue gums, seizures, tremors, coma, and ultimately, be fatal.

Dogs are naturally curious and may ingest discarded cigarette butts, chewing tobacco, or even nicotine patches or e-liquid cartridges. If you suspect your dog has consumed any tobacco product, immediate veterinary attention is critical.

Raw dough and yeast

19. Yeast and Raw Dough

Raw yeast dough is highly unsafe for dogs for multiple reasons. Firstly, once ingested, the raw dough can continue to rise and expand in your dog’s warm stomach. This expansion can cause severe pain, bloating, and potentially lead to a life-threatening condition called gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV), or bloat, where the stomach twists and can rupture.

Secondly, the yeast and sugar in raw dough ferment in the stomach, producing alcohol. This fermentation can lead to severe alcohol toxicity, with symptoms similar to alcohol poisoning. Alcohol toxicity in dogs can rapidly become fatal, necessitating immediate medical intervention.

Raw meat with bones

20. Raw Meat

Never feed your dog raw or undercooked meat. While some proponents advocate for raw diets, the risks associated with raw meat far outweigh any perceived benefits for most pets. Raw meat can contain dangerous bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria, which can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in dogs and can also pose a public health risk to humans in the household. Additionally, raw meat often contains bones, which can splinter and cause choking, internal injuries, or obstructions in the digestive tract. Always ensure any meat given to your dog is thoroughly cooked and boneless.

Rhubarb stalks

21. Rhubarb

Rhubarb, a plant commonly used in human desserts like pies, is not safe for pets. Its leaves contain soluble calcium oxalate crystals. If ingested in sufficiently large quantities, these crystals can bind with calcium in the dog’s body, leading to a dangerous drop in blood calcium levels (hypocalcemia) and potentially causing acute renal (kidney) failure. Symptoms of rhubarb poisoning can include tremors, weakness, excessive drooling, bloody urine, changes in thirst and urination patterns, and vomiting.

Star fruit slices

22. Star Fruit

Similar to rhubarb, star fruit also contains soluble calcium oxalate crystals. These crystals can be harmful to dogs, especially in larger quantities, by interfering with calcium metabolism and potentially leading to kidney issues. Therefore, it is best to prevent your dog from consuming star fruit.

Seltzer water bottle and glass

23. Flavored Water and Seltzer Water

When it comes to your dog’s hydration, always err on the side of caution and provide fresh, clean, plain water. Flavored waters and seltzer waters can contain added ingredients that are dangerous for dogs. Many flavored waters include sugars, artificial sweeteners (like xylitol), or artificial flavors that can be toxic or cause digestive upset. While plain seltzer water might seem harmless, the carbonation can cause gas and bloating, which can be uncomfortable for your dog. It’s always safest to stick to plain tap water or filtered water for your canine companion.

What Dogs Are Most at Risk if They Consume Toxic Foods?

While no dog should ever consume toxic foods, certain factors can make some dogs more vulnerable to severe reactions. Understanding these risk factors can help you be even more vigilant.

Small Breeds vs. Large Breeds: Smaller dogs generally have a lower body weight, meaning that even a small amount of a toxic substance (like chocolate or xylitol) can result in a much higher, and more dangerous, dose per kilogram of body weight compared to a larger dog.
Puppies: Young dogs have less developed digestive and immune systems, making them more susceptible to illnesses from toxic foods and pathogens often found in raw foods. Their natural curiosity also makes them more likely to explore and ingest inappropriate items.
Elderly Dogs: Older dogs may have underlying health conditions, such as compromised kidney or liver function, that make them less able to metabolize and eliminate toxins, putting them at higher risk of adverse reactions.
Dogs with Pre-existing Conditions: Dogs suffering from chronic illnesses like diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, or gastrointestinal sensitivities are significantly more vulnerable to the adverse effects of toxic foods. Their compromised systems may struggle to cope with the additional stress of poisoning.

How To Prevent Dogs from Eating Toxic Foods

Accidents can happen, but proactive measures can significantly reduce the risk of your beloved dog ingesting unsafe human foods.

1. Store Foods Out of Reach

The most effective prevention is to keep all dangerous items completely inaccessible to your dog. Store toxic foods, medications, household cleaners, and other hazardous items on high shelves, in locked cabinets, or in secure pantries that your dog cannot open or reach. Remember that curious dogs can be surprisingly resourceful.

2. Avoid Feeding Dogs from Your Plate

Resist the urge to share food directly from your plate or to give scraps while you are cooking in the kitchen, even if it’s just a small piece. This habit can teach your dog to beg for human food and creates an association that human food is always safe and permissible. It is safest to only provide treats specifically formulated for dogs.

3. Educate Family Members and Guests

Ensure everyone in your household, including children, and any guests are aware of the dangers of feeding human food to your dog. Emphasize that, no matter how tempting or innocent it may seem, sneaking food to your pet can have serious health consequences. Clear communication can prevent accidental poisonings.

4. Be Careful During Holidays

Holidays are a high-risk time for pet poisonings. The increased presence of tempting dishes, distracted owners, and open access to kitchens and dining areas can easily lead to accidents. Be extra vigilant during these busy periods.

Despite all precautions, if your dog does manage to eat something toxic, being prepared is key to acting quickly. Keep emergency contact information readily available for your veterinarian, the nearest 24/7 emergency veterinary clinic (especially for holidays), and a pet poison control hotline.

What To Do if Your Dog Eats Something Toxic

If you suspect your dog has consumed toxic food, swift action is paramount. Recognizing the symptoms of food toxicity is the first step. These symptoms vary depending on the ingested substance but can include listlessness, sudden distress, abdominal pain, vomiting (which may contain blood), bloody stools, excessive drooling, tremors, or seizures. Sometimes, a dog’s abdomen may become bloated from gas and feel hard to the touch – this painful condition can be life-threatening if untreated.

If you observe any of these symptoms or suspect ingestion, take the following steps immediately:

Call your veterinarian or a pet poison control center right away. Time is of the essence in treating poisonings. Early intervention often leads to more successful outcomes and shorter hospitalization periods.
Be prepared with all important information. This includes the type of food eaten, the estimated amount consumed, and the approximate time of ingestion. If possible, have the packaging or a sample of the substance available.
Avoid home remedies unless specifically instructed by your veterinarian. Attempting to induce vomiting or administer other remedies without professional guidance can sometimes do more harm than good, depending on the specific toxin involved.

Safe Human Foods for Dogs

While the list of foods dogs cannot eat is extensive, there’s also a long and delicious list of human foods that are perfectly safe and even healthy for your dog! These can make excellent, nutritious treats when given in moderation. For a comprehensive guide to what you can feed your dog, consult resources on what foods can I give my dog.

Fruits Your Dog Can Enjoy

Fruits offer a sweet and healthy treat option for your dog, packed with vitamins and antioxidants.

Apples, oranges, and bananas

Apples, Oranges, and Bananas: The fleshy parts of apples (without cores or seeds) are a great source of fiber and vitamins. Always remove the core and seeds. Oranges are safe in small amounts, but remove the peel and seeds. Bananas (peeled) are a good source of potassium and vitamins, also in moderation.
Blueberries and blackberries
Blueberries and Blackberries: These small berries are packed with antioxidants, fiber, phytochemicals, and Vitamin C, making them an excellent healthy snack your dog will likely love.
Cantaloupe, mango, peaches, pears, pineapples, and watermelon
Cantaloupe, Mango, Peaches, Pears, Pineapples, and Watermelons: Many other fruits can be enjoyed safely. Cantaloupe is a great choice. Watermelon, with its high water content, is especially refreshing on warm days, but ensure all rinds and seeds (including the pale ones in seedless varieties) are removed to prevent choking and digestive upset. Mangoes, peaches, pears, and pineapples are also safe in moderation; always remove seeds, pits, and cores before serving.

Vegetables and Legumes

These provide essential nutrients and are often low in calories, making them ideal for dogs needing to watch their weight.

Carrots, cucumber, and celery

Carrots, Cucumber, and Celery: These “three C’s” are fantastic options for dogs, particularly those needing to shed a few pounds due to their low-calorie count. Bite-sized carrot pieces offer a satisfying crunch, while celery can even help with bad breath. Cucumber slices are rich in vitamins and minerals with minimal carbohydrates or fats.
Green beans
Green Beans: Many dogs adore green beans, whether served raw, steamed, or from a can. They are safe, tasty, and healthy. Choose plain green beans without added spices, oils, or salt, and cut them into small pieces to avoid choking.

Dairy and Eggs

Proceed with caution with dairy, but eggs are generally a safe bet.

Cheese slices

Cheese: A small amount of cheese can be an acceptable treat if your dog is not lactose intolerant. Opt for lower-fat varieties like a small piece of mozzarella, as high-fat cheeses can lead to pancreatitis.
Cooked eggs
Eggs: Fully cooked eggs are a nutritious and enjoyable treat. Scrambled eggs, plain and without seasonings, can be a good source of protein and may even help soothe an upset stomach.

Nuts, Grains, and Other Goodies

A variety of other human foods can be safe in moderation.

Peanuts, peanut butter, and cashews

Peanuts, Peanut Butter, and Cashews: Unsalted, unflavored peanuts and cashews are safe in very small quantities due to their high-fat content. Peanut butter is a popular choice; ensure it’s unsalted, unsweetened, and most importantly, free of xylitol.
Popcorn and corn on the cob
Popcorn and Corn: Air-popped, unsalted, and unbuttered popcorn can be a fun treat. Carefully check for unpopped kernels, which can be a choking hazard. Plain corn (removed from the cob) is also acceptable without butter, salt, or spices.
Coconut and honey
Coconut and Honey: Small amounts of coconut (including coconut milk and oil) are generally fine and may offer benefits like lauric acid for allergies, though some dogs might experience upset stomachs. Avoid coconut water and the fibrous outer shell. Honey, in moderation, is safe and provides vitamins and minerals.
Shrimp and cooked fish
Shrimp and Fish: Plain, fully cooked shrimp, with shell, head, tail, and legs removed, is a good lean protein. Cooked, boneless fish like salmon and sardines are also excellent, but limit it to twice a week to avoid excessive mercury. Plain, canned tuna in water (not oil) is safe in moderation.
Cooked turkey meat
Turkey: Plain, cooked turkey meat, free of skin, fat, and bones, is a healthy protein source. Offer small, unseasoned, unsalted bites as a treat.
Grains, wheat, and quinoa
Grains, Wheat, and Quinoa: Small amounts of cooked grains, wheat products, and quinoa are generally fine for dogs. Quinoa is a healthier option compared to many other fillers. Monitor for any allergic reactions.

Conclusion

Navigating the world of human foods for your dog can feel like a minefield, but understanding “what foods can dogs not eat” is an essential part of responsible pet ownership. From common household toxins like chocolate and xylitol to seemingly harmless items like grapes and onions, the consequences of accidental ingestion can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening emergencies.

By being vigilant about storing dangerous foods out of reach, avoiding feeding from your plate, and educating everyone in your home, you can significantly reduce the risks. Remember that if you ever suspect your dog has eaten something toxic, immediate action is crucial: contact your veterinarian or a pet poison control center without delay.

The good news is that there’s also a wealth of healthy and safe human foods that your dog can enjoy as treats, enriching their diet and strengthening your bond. Always introduce new foods slowly and in moderation, and when in doubt about any specific food or your dog’s dietary needs, always consult with your veterinarian. Their expert advice is invaluable for ensuring your furry friend remains healthy and thrives.