As loving pet parents, we want to give our furry friends the best of everything, especially when it comes to food. However, what might be a harmless or even healthy treat for humans can be toxic and life-threatening for dogs. Understanding What Food Items Can Dogs Not Eat is crucial for ensuring their safety and well-being. Pet poisonings are a significant concern, with hundreds of thousands reported annually, and common household foods are often a major culprit. This guide aims to equip you with the essential knowledge to keep your canine companion safe and healthy, serving as your ultimate “cheat sheet” for foods to avoid and those safe to share. what foods dogs can and cannot eat
Why Certain Foods Are Toxic to Dogs
The digestive and metabolic systems of dogs differ significantly from humans, which explains why they cannot safely consume many foods we enjoy. Dogs process certain substances in unique ways that can lead to rapid accumulation of toxins in their bodies. For instance, theobromine and caffeine in chocolate are metabolized much slower by dogs, making them highly toxic even in small amounts. While the fleshy part of cherries is safe, their pits, stems, and leaves contain cyanide, which can be problematic if ingested in large quantities. Moreover, the pits themselves pose a choking hazard and can cause gastrointestinal obstruction.
Food toxicity can also vary based on a dog’s size, breed, and overall health. A small amount of a toxic food might have a more severe impact on a smaller dog compared to a larger one. Therefore, it is always best to consult your veterinarian if you have any questions or concerns about specific food items. what are the foods dogs can t eat
Common Food Items Dogs Must Avoid
Many household foods pose significant dangers, and in some cases, are outright toxic to dogs. While this is not an exhaustive list, it covers the most common and critical foods your dog should steer clear of.
Alcohol
Even small amounts of alcohol can be extremely dangerous, even fatal, for dogs. Their smaller body size means alcohol has a more potent and rapid effect compared to humans. Symptoms of alcohol poisoning in dogs mirror those in people, including vomiting, breathing difficulties, coma, and even death. It’s imperative to keep all alcoholic beverages and products containing alcohol well out of your dog’s reach.
A glass of beer next to a bottle of alcohol, representing a hazard to dogs.
Fruit Seeds and Pits (Apple, Apricot, Cherry, Plum)
While the flesh of fruits like apples can be safe for dogs in moderation, their seeds and pits are not. Apple seeds contain cyanide, which, though likely harmless in very small quantities, is best avoided entirely by keeping the core away from your dog. Similarly, apricot, cherry, peach, and plum seeds and pits also contain cyanide. Ingestion can lead to severe symptoms such as vomiting, irregular heartbeat, seizures, coma, and even death, due to cyanide’s interference with red blood cells’ ability to carry oxygen. Beyond toxicity, these pits also present a choking hazard and can cause internal obstructions.
Avocado
Avocados are not a recommended food for dogs. They contain a substance called persin, which is known to cause issues in other mammal species, and there have been reports of severe adverse reactions, including myocardial damage, in dogs in some instances. Furthermore, an intact avocado pit can cause a dangerous gastrointestinal obstruction. It’s safest to keep avocados away from your pet entirely.
A sliced avocado with its pit, illustrating the potential danger to dogs.
Broccoli
Broccoli contains isothiocyanates, which can be harmful to pets in very large doses. While a tiny amount might be acceptable on occasion, it’s generally best to avoid it, especially considering the abundance of other healthy and safe vegetable options. Additionally, broccoli stalks can pose a choking hazard or cause an obstruction if lodged in a dog’s throat.
Caffeine and Coffee Grounds
Caffeine, found in coffee, tea, energy drinks, and some medications, contains methylxanthines. These compounds can be highly toxic to dogs, leading to potentially fatal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, and an irregular heartbeat. Even accidental ingestion of coffee grounds or highly caffeinated drinks can cause a dog’s heart to race, leading to tremors, arrhythmia, and difficulty breathing. All forms of caffeine should be kept strictly away from dogs.
Coffee beans and a cup of coffee, representing caffeine products dangerous to dogs.
Fatty Meats, Skin, and Bones
Feeding dogs fatty cuts of meat, such as chicken or turkey skin, or ham, is detrimental to their health. The high-fat content in these items can trigger acute pancreatitis, a life-threatening illness with severe complications. It is also crucial to avoid giving dogs cooked turkey or chicken bones. These bones can splinter easily, leading to obstructions, or even puncturing the stomach or intestines, which can result in a fatal abdominal infection. what meat should you not give to dogs
Chocolate
Chocolate toxicity is one of the most common causes of pet poisoning. Chocolate contains theobromine, a substance toxic to dogs, and caffeine. The darker the chocolate, the higher its theobromine content, making dark and baker’s chocolate particularly dangerous. Some sugar-free chocolates also contain xylitol, an additional potent toxin for dogs. Dogs cannot metabolize chocolate as efficiently as humans, leading to symptoms like hyperactivity, vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis, abnormal heart rhythms, and seizures. Any amount of chocolate ingestion warrants an immediate call to your veterinarian.
Pieces of dark chocolate, highlighting the danger of chocolate to dogs.
Grapes and Raisins
Grapes and raisins are exceptionally dangerous for dogs, as they can cause severe kidney failure due to their tartaric acid content. Even a small number of these fruits can wreak havoc on a dog’s kidneys. Symptoms of grape or raisin poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and changes in urination, ranging from reduced output to complete anuria. Prompt veterinary attention is critical if a dog consumes any grapes or raisins.
Nuts (Macadamia, Almonds, Pistachios)
Macadamia nuts are particularly toxic to dogs, causing symptoms like weakness, overheating, and vomiting. Even as few as six nuts can lead to severe poisoning in a small dog, though the exact mechanism of toxicity is still not fully understood. Other nuts like almonds and pistachios are problematic primarily due to being choking hazards and their high-fat content, which can upset a dog’s stomach or lead to pancreatitis. Avoid all flavored or spiced nuts.
Macadamia nuts in a bowl, representing dangerous nuts for dogs.
Milk and Dairy Products
The suitability of milk and dairy products for dogs varies. While some dogs can tolerate small amounts, many are lactose intolerant or have allergies, leading to digestive issues like diarrhea and gas. High-fat dairy products like ice cream are also detrimental due to their sugar and fat content. If offering cheese, opt for low-fat varieties in very small quantities, and always confirm with your vet.
Mushrooms
It is safest to avoid feeding your dog any type of mushroom, as many wild varieties are highly toxic and can cause kidney and liver failure, vomiting, diarrhea, hallucinations, and damage to red blood cells. While washed, white mushrooms from a grocery store might be safe, the risk associated with potential misidentification or unknown toxins makes it best to choose a different treat altogether.
A variety of mushrooms, some potentially toxic to dogs.
Nutmeg and Cinnamon
Nutmeg contains myristicin, a compound that can cause hallucinations and severe vomiting in dogs, especially in high doses or in smaller breeds. Therefore, any foods spiced with nutmeg should be kept away from your dog. Cinnamon, while not toxic, can irritate a dog’s mouth and, in larger amounts, may lead to low blood sugar, which can have serious health consequences.
Onions, Garlic, Chives, and Leeks
All members of the allium family—including onions, garlic, chives, and leeks—are highly toxic to dogs and cats. These plants contain sulfoxides and disulfides that can damage red blood cells, leading to anemia. Onion and garlic powders, found in many prepared human foods, are also dangerous. Certain Japanese breeds, such as Akitas and Shiba Inus, are particularly sensitive, but these plants pose a risk to all dogs.
Garlic cloves and an onion, representing allium plants toxic to dogs.
Salt
Excessive salt intake can be extremely harmful to dogs, disrupting the fluid balance in their cells. Too much salt can lead to tremors, seizures, diarrhea, or even a coma. Whether it’s rock salt, homemade playdough, or salty potato chips, it is vital to prevent your dog from ingesting high amounts of sodium. Always ensure your dog has access to fresh water to help regulate their sodium levels.
Spicy Food
Spicy foods are generally not suitable for dogs. Hot and spicy ingredients can cause significant gastrointestinal upset, including vomiting, stomach ulcers, and diarrhea. These conditions are painful for your dog and can necessitate emergency veterinary care, leading to unexpected expenses. Keep your dog away from anything with a kick.
Xylitol (Sugar-Free Gum and Candy)
Xylitol is an artificial sweetener commonly found in sugar-free gums, candies, baked goods, and even some peanut butters. In dogs, xylitol causes a rapid and severe drop in blood sugar (hypoglycemia), leading to weakness, loss of coordination, and seizures. It can also cause liver failure. Dog poisoning cases involving xylitol are alarmingly on the rise, and even a small amount can be fatal for a dog. Always check ingredient labels for xylitol before sharing any human food or product with your pet.
Sugar-free gum and candies, indicating the presence of xylitol, a dog toxin.
Tomatoes and Raw Potatoes
Tomatoes and potatoes fall into a category where some forms are safe, while others are not. Ripe red tomatoes are generally safe for dogs. However, the green parts of the tomato plant and unripe green tomatoes contain solanine, which is toxic to dogs. Similarly, baked or boiled potatoes without additives are safe in small quantities, but raw potatoes also contain solanine and are toxic. Always ensure potatoes are cooked and served plain, and only offer ripe, red tomatoes.
Tobacco
Tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, and nicotine-containing items, are extremely dangerous for dogs. Nicotine exposure can cause a range of severe symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, rapid or labored breathing, agitation, abnormal heart rate, wobbliness, muscle weakness, fluctuations in blood pressure, tremors, and seizures. More significant exposure can lead to blue gums, coma, and can ultimately be fatal. Due to dogs’ curious nature, they might ingest discarded tobacco products. If your dog gets into tobacco, immediate veterinary attention is critical.
Cigarettes and an ashtray, symbolizing tobacco products that are dangerous for pets.
Yeast and Raw Dough
Yeast and raw dough are unsafe for dogs for multiple reasons. Raw dough can expand significantly in a dog’s stomach, causing severe pain and potentially life-threatening conditions like gastric torsion (bloat) or stomach rupture. Furthermore, the yeast and sugar in raw dough can ferment, producing alcohol, which leads to alcohol toxicity. This is a severe condition requiring immediate medical intervention.
Raw Meat
Never feed your dog raw or undercooked meat. Raw meat can carry harmful bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli, which can affect both dogs and humans. Additionally, bones in raw meat can pose a choking hazard or cause internal damage, similar to cooked bones. Always ensure any meat given to your dog is thoroughly cooked and boneless.
Raw ground meat, emphasizing the need for proper cooking before feeding to dogs.
Rhubarb
Rhubarb, often used in desserts, is not safe for pets. Its leaves contain soluble calcium oxalate crystals, which, if ingested in large quantities, can bind with calcium in the body, leading to a dangerous drop in calcium levels and potentially renal (kidney) failure. Symptoms include tremors, weakness, drooling, bloody urine, changes in thirst and urination, and vomiting.
Star Fruit
Similar to rhubarb, star fruit also contains soluble calcium oxalate crystals and should not be given to dogs. Ingestion can lead to kidney issues and other adverse health effects.
Flavored and Seltzer Water
It’s always best to give your dog fresh, clean, plain water. Flavored and seltzer waters can contain added ingredients like sugar, artificial sweeteners (such as xylitol), or salt, which are dangerous for dogs. While plain seltzer water might be okay in very small, urgent amounts, it can still cause gas and bloating. Sticking to plain water is the safest choice for your pup’s hydration.
Safe Human Foods for Dogs
While the list of foods to avoid is extensive, many human foods are perfectly safe and even healthy for dogs in moderation. These include lean cooked meats, certain fruits (like apples without core/seeds, blueberries, bananas without peel), and many vegetables (carrots, green beans, cucumbers). For a detailed guide on what your dog can safely enjoy, check out our article on what foods are good for dogs with upset stomach.
What Dogs Are Most at Risk if They Consume Toxic Foods?
While all dogs are vulnerable to toxic foods, some are at a higher risk of severe complications:
- Small Breeds vs. Large Breeds: Smaller dogs have lower body weights, making them more susceptible to the effects of toxins like chocolate, where even a small amount can be very dangerous.
- Puppies: Young dogs have less developed digestive and immune systems, increasing their risk from various substances, including certain raw foods.
- Elderly Dogs: Older dogs may have pre-existing health conditions that make them more vulnerable to food toxicities.
- Dogs with Pre-existing Conditions: Dogs suffering from conditions like diabetes or kidney disease are at a significantly higher risk if they ingest harmful foods.
Preventing Your Dog from Eating Harmful Foods
Accidents happen, but proactive measures can greatly minimize the risk of your beloved pet ingesting unsafe human food:
- Store Foods Out of Reach: Keep all potentially dangerous food items on high shelves or securely locked in cabinets that your dog cannot access.
- Avoid Feeding from Your Plate: Do not feed your dog directly from your plate or while you are cooking. This practice can encourage begging and make it harder to differentiate between safe and unsafe foods. Stick to treats specifically formulated for dogs.
- Educate Family Members and Guests: Ensure everyone in your household, including children and visitors, understands the importance of not sneaking any food to your dog, no matter how tempting it may be.
- Be Careful During Holidays: Holidays often involve an abundance of rich foods and a busy atmosphere. This is a time when vigilance is especially crucial, as it’s easy to let your guard down.
If your precautions fail and your dog consumes something toxic, rapid action is essential. Keep emergency veterinary contact information readily available, including numbers for 24/7 animal hospitals and pet poison control hotlines. For a complete overview of what to avoid, consult this list of what foods dogs should not eat.
What To Do if Your Dog Ingests Something Toxic
If you suspect your dog has eaten something toxic, prompt action is critical.
- Recognize Symptoms: Be familiar with common signs of food toxicity, which can include listlessness, distress, pain, vomiting, bloody stools, or a bloated, hard abdomen. These symptoms vary depending on the ingested substance.
- Call for Help Immediately: Contact your veterinarian or a pet poison control center without delay. Timeliness is vital, as early intervention significantly improves the chances of successful treatment and reduces hospitalization time.
- Provide Key Information: Be prepared to furnish all important details: the type of food eaten, the estimated amount consumed, and the time of ingestion.
- Avoid Home Remedies: Do not attempt home remedies, such as inducing vomiting, unless specifically instructed by a veterinarian or poison control expert. Some remedies can be harmful depending on the toxin.
Keep Your Dog Healthy and Safe with Knowledge
Navigating the world of human foods for your dog can be challenging, with everything from common household toxins to dangerous food items posing a threat. However, by understanding what food items can dogs not eat and staying vigilant, you can significantly protect your canine companion. The good news is that there are many safe and healthy human foods that dogs can enjoy in moderation. Learn which ones your dog loves and offer them as special treats. Always consult with your veterinarian if you are ever unsure about a particular food item.
