What Can Cocker Spaniels Not Eat? A Comprehensive Guide

Cocker Spaniels, with their charming personalities and flowing ears, are beloved family members. Ensuring their health and happiness largely depends on a well-balanced diet. While many owners focus on what to feed their furry companions, understanding “What Can Cocker Spaniels Not Eat” is equally, if not more, critical for preventing serious health issues. Just like some human babies, Cocker Spaniels can be sensitive to certain foods, and an accidental ingestion of a toxic item can lead to severe illness or even be life-threatening.

This guide will delve deep into the common and lesser-known foods that are dangerous for Cocker Spaniels, explaining why they are harmful, what symptoms to look for, and what immediate steps you should take if your dog consumes them. By arming yourself with this vital knowledge, you can create a safer home environment and ensure your beloved Cocker Spaniel lives a longer, healthier, and happier life, free from preventable dietary dangers.

The Critical Importance of Knowing What NOT to Feed Your Cocker Spaniel

Any diet you give your Cocker Spaniel needs to be well-balanced and contain all the necessary nutrients for their development and maintenance. However, even the most carefully planned diet can be undermined by the accidental ingestion of harmful substances. Many foods safe for humans can be highly toxic to dogs due to their different metabolisms and digestive systems. Cocker Spaniels, in particular, are known for having sensitive stomachs and can be prone to certain health issues like allergies, skin conditions, and digestive upset, making vigilance about their diet even more crucial.

Understanding the specific foods that are dangerous for your Cocker Spaniel helps prevent emergency veterinary visits, long-term health complications, and unnecessary distress for both you and your pet. It’s not just about avoiding immediate acute poisoning; some toxic foods can cause cumulative damage over time or exacerbate existing sensitivities. For instance, the popular fillers maize, wheat, and potatoes can cause allergic reactions in Cocker Spaniels since they are particularly prone to allergies, though these might not be acutely toxic, they still represent an item to avoid for specific dogs. By being informed, you can proactively protect your Cocker Spaniel from a wide range of dietary hazards.

Common Toxic Foods Cocker Spaniels MUST Avoid

Many household foods and ingredients can pose significant health risks to your Cocker Spaniel. Here’s a detailed breakdown of items you should always keep out of their reach:

Chocolate

Chocolate is perhaps the most well-known toxic food for dogs, and for good reason. It contains methylxanthines, specifically theobromine and caffeine, which dogs metabolize much slower than humans. This allows toxic levels to build up in their system. The darker the chocolate, the higher the concentration of these harmful compounds.

Why it’s toxic: Theobromine and caffeine can overstimulate the dog’s nervous system, heart, and digestive system.
Sources: Dark chocolate, baking chocolate, cocoa powder, milk chocolate, and even some chocolate-flavored products. White chocolate contains very little theobromine but is still high in fat.
Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst, panting, restlessness, hyperactivity, tremors, seizures, elevated heart rate, and in severe cases, heart failure or death.
What to do: Seek immediate veterinary attention. The severity depends on the type and amount of chocolate consumed, and the dog’s size.

Grapes and Raisins

The exact toxic compound in grapes and raisins is still unknown, but even small amounts can cause acute kidney failure in dogs. This toxicity applies to all forms, including fresh, dried, and cooked grapes or raisins.

Why it’s toxic: Unknown mechanism, but directly damages kidneys.
Sources: Fresh grapes, raisins, currants, grape juice, baked goods containing raisins (e.g., cookies, bread).
Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea (often within a few hours), lethargy, weakness, decreased appetite, abdominal pain, increased thirst, decreased urination, and eventually kidney failure.
What to do: This is an emergency. Contact your veterinarian immediately. Early intervention is critical.

Onions and Garlic

Members of the Allium family, including onions, garlic, chives, and leeks, contain compounds (thiosulphates) that can damage a dog’s red blood cells, leading to hemolytic anemia. Garlic is generally considered five times more potent than onions.

Why it’s toxic: Causes oxidative damage to red blood cells, leading to their destruction.
Sources: Raw, cooked, dehydrated, or powdered forms of onions, garlic, chives, leeks. Found in many human foods like sauces, baby foods, meat broths, and seasoned dishes.
Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, weakness, pale gums, rapid breathing, elevated heart rate, jaundice, and reddish-brown urine. Symptoms may not appear for several days after ingestion.
What to do: Contact your vet immediately if you suspect your dog has eaten any amount of these.

Xylitol

Xylitol is an artificial sweetener that is extremely toxic to dogs. Even a small amount can cause a rapid and severe drop in blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and liver failure.

Why it’s toxic: Rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream, causing a potent release of insulin from the pancreas.
Sources: Sugar-free chewing gum, candies, mints, some peanut butter brands, sugar-free baked goods, toothpaste, mouthwash, certain medications, and dietary supplements. Always check ingredient labels!
Symptoms: Vomiting, lethargy, weakness, disorientation, lack of coordination, seizures (due to low blood sugar). Liver failure can develop later.
What to do: This is an urgent medical emergency. Contact your veterinarian immediately. Do not wait for symptoms to appear.

Alcohol

Any form of alcohol – whether in alcoholic beverages, raw bread dough, or fermented fruits – can be toxic to dogs. Dogs are much more sensitive to the effects of alcohol than humans.

Why it’s toxic: Depresses the central nervous system, similar to human alcohol poisoning, but at much lower doses.
Sources: Alcoholic drinks, raw yeast dough, fermented fruits, certain desserts or sauces.
Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, disorientation, tremors, difficulty walking, central nervous system depression, difficulty breathing, decreased body temperature, coma, and even death.
What to do: Contact your veterinarian immediately if your dog has consumed alcohol.

Avocado

Avocado contains a fungicidal toxin called persin, which can cause vomiting and diarrhea in some dogs. While the fleshy part is often debated, the leaves, bark, skin, and pit contain higher concentrations and should definitely be avoided. The pit also poses a choking hazard.

Why it’s toxic: Persin can cause gastrointestinal upset.
Sources: Avocado fruit, leaves, pit, bark.
Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea. Less commonly, heart damage in some animal species, though rare in dogs.
What to do: Monitor your dog for symptoms. If significant amounts are ingested, especially the pit or skin, contact your vet.

Caffeine

Caffeine is a stimulant found in coffee, tea, energy drinks, and some medications. Like theobromine in chocolate, dogs are very sensitive to caffeine’s effects.

Why it’s toxic: Overstimulates the nervous and cardiovascular systems.
Sources: Coffee beans, ground coffee, tea bags, energy drinks, soda, diet pills, some cold medications, chocolate (which also contains caffeine).
Symptoms: Restlessness, hyperactivity, tremors, elevated heart rate, panting, vomiting, seizures, collapse.
What to do: Seek veterinary help immediately if your dog ingests caffeine.

Macadamia Nuts

The exact toxic principle in macadamia nuts is unknown, but they can cause temporary neurological and digestive issues in dogs.

Why it’s toxic: Unknown mechanism, but affects muscles and nervous system.
Sources: Macadamia nuts, often found in cookies or trail mixes.
Symptoms: Weakness, tremors (especially in hind legs), vomiting, fever, muscle stiffness, joint pain, lethargy. Symptoms usually resolve within 24-48 hours, but vet care may be needed for supportive treatment.
What to do: Contact your vet. Supportive care might be necessary.

Raw or Undercooked Meats, Eggs, and Bones

While some advocates suggest raw diets, feeding raw or undercooked meat and eggs carries risks of bacterial contamination (Salmonella, E. coli) for both dogs and humans. Bones, particularly cooked bones, are extremely dangerous.

Why it’s toxic/dangerous:
- Raw Meat/Eggs: Risk of bacterial infection, leading to vomiting, diarrhea, and other illnesses. Raw eggs also contain avidin, an enzyme that can interfere with biotin absorption, leading to skin and coat problems over time.
- Bones: Cooked bones can splinter and cause internal damage (choking, lacerations to the esophagus, stomach, or intestines, constipation, intestinal blockage). Even raw bones can pose choking hazards or lead to broken teeth.
Sources: Any raw or undercooked meat (chicken, beef, pork, fish), raw eggs, poultry bones, steak bones.
Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, fever (bacterial infection). Choking, pain, blood in stool (bone ingestion).
What to do: For bacterial infection, vet care is needed. For bone ingestion, seek immediate emergency vet care, even if symptoms aren’t immediately apparent. Spaniels should avoid bones since they might hurt internal organ tissues and cause constipation, intestinal perforation, and other health problems. Additionally, using bones might cause tooth enamel to grind.

Dairy Products

Many dogs are lactose intolerant because they lack sufficient lactase, the enzyme needed to digest lactose (milk sugar). This means items like whole milk, cheese, and yogurt can cause digestive upset.

Why it’s toxic: Lactose intolerance leads to fermentation in the gut.
Sources: Milk, cheese, ice cream, yogurt, other dairy-based products. Cottage cheese, kefir, and certain cheeses are often tolerated in small amounts by some dogs due to lower lactose content or beneficial bacteria, but always introduce sparingly.
Symptoms: Diarrhea, vomiting, gas, abdominal pain.
What to do: Avoid dairy if your dog shows sensitivity. Small amounts of low-lactose products might be tolerated by some.

Salty and Fatty Foods

High-sodium foods can lead to excessive thirst and urination, and in severe cases, sodium ion poisoning. High-fat foods, especially those rich in saturated fat, can trigger pancreatitis, a painful and potentially life-threatening inflammation of the pancreas. This is why it is not advised to feed cocker spaniels foods like sausages, pastries, and fried foods.

Why it’s toxic:
- Salt: Disrupts electrolyte balance, leading to dehydration and neurological issues.
- Fat: Overwhelms the pancreas, leading to inflammation and digestive enzyme leakage.
Sources: Potato chips, pretzels, salted nuts, bacon, rich gravies, fatty cuts of meat, fried chicken, fast food.
Symptoms:
- Salt: Vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, tremors, seizures, excessive thirst, incoordination.
- Fat: Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, lethargy, loss of appetite, fever.
What to do: Prevent access. If consumed, ensure plenty of fresh water. For severe symptoms, contact your vet immediately.

Yeast Dough

Raw yeast dough is dangerous because it can expand in the dog’s stomach, causing painful bloating, and the yeast fermentation process produces alcohol, leading to alcohol poisoning.

Why it’s toxic: Dough expands and causes bloat; fermentation produces ethanol.
Sources: Unbaked bread dough, pizza dough.
Symptoms: Bloating, distended abdomen, vomiting, retching, lethargy, disorientation, weakness, and signs of alcohol poisoning.
What to do: This is an emergency. Seek immediate veterinary attention.

Citrus Fruits

While the flesh of some citrus fruits (like oranges) might not be overtly toxic in small amounts, the rinds, peels, seeds, and stems contain essential oils and psoralens that can cause digestive upset and potential nervous system issues if ingested in large quantities.

Why it’s toxic: Essential oils and psoralens can be irritating or toxic.
Sources: Oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit, their peels, seeds, and plants.
Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, depression.
What to do: Small amounts of flesh are usually harmless, but avoid rinds and seeds. If significant amounts are ingested, especially peels, monitor for symptoms and contact your vet if concerned.

Potatoes

Raw potatoes, particularly green ones or those with sprouts, contain solanine, a toxic compound. Cooked potatoes (plain, without seasonings) are generally safe in moderation, but raw potatoes should be avoided. The original article mentions “It is not advised to feed cocker spaniels foods like… potatoes,” which primarily refers to raw or heavily processed forms.

Why it’s toxic: Solanine can cause gastrointestinal and neurological issues.
Sources: Raw potatoes, potato peels, green parts of potatoes, potato plants.
Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, weakness, tremors.
What to do: Always feed cooked, plain potatoes in small amounts if you choose to. Avoid raw or green potatoes entirely.

Broccoli and Cabbage

These cruciferous vegetables can cause significant gas and digestive upset in dogs, especially when fed in large quantities. While not acutely toxic, large amounts can lead to discomfort. Broccoli also contains isothiocyanates, which can cause gastric irritation. The original article states, “The introduction of cabbage into the diet is permitted, but only after heating it up or as sauerkraut. It is preferable to give up on broccoli entirely.”

Why it’s toxic/irritating: High fiber and certain compounds can cause gas and GI upset.
Sources: Raw or cooked broccoli, cabbage.
Symptoms: Gas, bloating, diarrhea, abdominal pain.
What to do: Offer in very small, well-cooked amounts, or avoid altogether if your dog is sensitive.

Wild Mushrooms

While some store-bought mushrooms are safe, identifying wild mushrooms is extremely difficult, and many species are highly toxic, even deadly, to dogs.

Why it’s toxic: Contain various toxins that can cause liver failure, kidney failure, neurological damage, or severe digestive upset.
Sources: Wild mushrooms found in yards, forests, or parks.
Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, weakness, tremors, seizures, jaundice, abdominal pain, excessive drooling, organ failure. Symptoms vary widely depending on the type of mushroom.
What to do: Treat all wild mushroom ingestion as an emergency. Seek immediate veterinary care. It is advised to keep your Cocker Spaniel away from anything that appears like it could be a mushroom growing in your yard.

Nutmeg

Nutmeg contains myristicin, a toxin that can cause hallucinations, disorientation, increased heart rate, and high blood pressure in dogs if consumed in large amounts.

Why it’s toxic: Myristicin is a psychoactive toxin.
Sources: Nutmeg spice, baked goods containing nutmeg.
Symptoms: Vomiting, abdominal pain, hallucinations, disorientation, tremors, seizures, elevated heart rate, dry mouth.
What to do: Avoid giving foods seasoned with nutmeg. If a large amount is ingested, contact your vet.

Fruit Pits and Seeds

The pits of fruits like cherries, peaches, apricots, and plums contain cyanide-releasing compounds. Apple seeds also contain small amounts of cyanide. Beyond the chemical toxicity, these pits and large seeds pose significant choking hazards and can cause intestinal blockages.

Why it’s toxic/dangerous: Cyanide poisoning; choking and intestinal obstruction.
Sources: Pits from stone fruits (cherries, peaches, plums, apricots), apple seeds, pear seeds.
Symptoms: Vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, lethargy, dilated pupils (cyanide). Choking, constipation, inability to pass stool (obstruction).
What to do: Always remove pits and seeds before offering fruit flesh. Seek emergency vet care for suspected ingestion of pits.

Artificial Sweeteners (other than Xylitol)

While not as acutely dangerous as xylitol, other artificial sweeteners like aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin are not natural for dogs and offer no nutritional benefit. They can potentially cause digestive upset in sensitive individuals. It’s best to avoid them entirely to prevent any unknown or cumulative effects, and to ensure you don’t accidentally encounter a product that does contain xylitol.

Why it’s toxic/unnecessary: Can cause digestive upset, no nutritional value.
Sources: Diet sodas, sugar-free candies, some yogurts, processed foods.
Symptoms: Upset stomach, diarrhea in sensitive dogs.
What to do: Avoid giving foods containing artificial sweeteners.

Certain Herbs and Spices

While some herbs can be beneficial, many common kitchen spices and herbs are not suitable for dogs. For example, excessive amounts of salt, chili powder, cayenne pepper, and even large amounts of rosemary can cause digestive upset or other issues. The original article’s warning about “salty, spicy, and fried foods” applies here.

Why it’s toxic/irritating: Can cause gastrointestinal irritation, or have specific toxic compounds.
Sources: Human seasoned foods.
Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, excessive thirst.
What to do: Stick to plain foods or dog-specific seasonings.

Cooked Bones

Repeating for emphasis, as the original article specifically highlights: “Bones are harmful to spaniels.” Cooked bones can splinter easily, posing severe risks of choking, internal punctures, or blockages in the digestive tract. Unlike raw bones which are debated, cooked bones offer no benefit and significant danger.

Why it’s dangerous: Splintering can cause severe internal injury, choking, intestinal perforation, and other health problems.
Sources: Any cooked bone from poultry, beef, pork, etc.
Symptoms: Choking, gagging, difficulty breathing, vomiting, lethargy, abdominal pain, bloody stool, straining to defecate.
What to do: Immediately seek emergency veterinary care. Never give cooked bones to your Cocker Spaniel.

Ingredients to Avoid

Beyond Food: Other Dangerous Items to Keep Away from Your Cocker Spaniel

While this guide focuses on food, it’s essential to remember that many non-food items commonly found in homes are also toxic to dogs. Cocker Spaniels are curious and can get into anything, so always be vigilant.

Human Medications: Even common over-the-counter drugs like ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and antidepressants can be deadly to dogs. Keep all medications securely stored.
Household Chemicals: Cleaning products, antifreeze, rodenticides, insecticides, and fertilizers are highly toxic. Ensure they are stored out of reach and spills are cleaned promptly.
Toxic Plants: Many common houseplants and garden plants are poisonous to dogs, including lilies, sago palms, oleander, azaleas, rhododendrons, and various types of ivy. Research pet-safe plants if you have a garden or houseplants.
Heavy Metals: Lead (found in old paint, linoleum, batteries) and zinc (found in pennies, zippers, nuts, bolts) can cause serious poisoning.
Pesticides and Herbicides: Products used on lawns and gardens can be harmful if ingested or if a dog walks through treated areas and then licks their paws.

Recognizing the Signs of Food Poisoning in Cocker Spaniels

Knowing what to look for can help you act quickly. Symptoms of food poisoning or toxicity in Cocker Spaniels can vary depending on the substance ingested, the amount, and the dog’s individual sensitivity, age, and health status. However, common signs include:

Gastrointestinal Distress: Vomiting, diarrhea (which may contain blood or mucus), excessive drooling, loss of appetite, abdominal pain or tenderness.
Lethargy and Weakness: Unusual tiredness, reluctance to move, general weakness, uncoordinated movements.
Neurological Symptoms: Tremors, muscle twitching, seizures, disorientation, restlessness, hyperactivity, imbalance, dilated pupils.
Cardiovascular Changes: Increased or decreased heart rate, weak pulse, pale or blue-tinged gums.
Respiratory Issues: Difficulty breathing, rapid or shallow breathing, coughing.
Other Signs: Increased thirst and urination (or decreased), changes in body temperature, jaundice (yellowing of skin/gums).

It’s important to remember that some symptoms may appear immediately, while others might be delayed by hours or even days. If you suspect your Cocker Spaniel has eaten something toxic, do not wait for symptoms to worsen.

Dog Food Aggression Treatment

Emergency Action: What to Do If Your Cocker Spaniel Eats Something Toxic

Time is often critical in cases of poisoning. If you believe your Cocker Spaniel has ingested a harmful substance:

Stay Calm: Panic can hinder your ability to act effectively.
Contact Your Veterinarian IMMEDIATELY: Have the vet’s number, or the nearest emergency vet clinic’s number, readily available. Do not hesitate.
Gather Information:
- What did your dog eat? (Identify the substance if possible).
- How much did they eat? (Estimate quantity).
- When did they eat it? (Approximate time).
- What are the ingredients of the product? (Have the packaging or label handy).
- What are your dog’s current symptoms?
Do NOT Induce Vomiting Unless Advised: Inducing vomiting can sometimes do more harm than good (e.g., if the substance is corrosive, or if the dog is already showing neurological signs and could aspirate). Only induce vomiting if specifically instructed by a veterinarian.
Do NOT Give Home Remedies: Avoid giving activated charcoal, milk, or other home remedies unless directed by a vet, as these can interfere with proper medical treatment or worsen the situation.
Transport to Vet: Follow your vet’s instructions. They may advise you to bring your dog in immediately for examination and treatment. Bring the suspected toxic substance or its packaging with you.

Early intervention significantly improves the prognosis for food poisoning cases.

Safe Alternatives and Healthy Treats for Your Cocker Spaniel

Knowing what not to feed your Cocker Spaniel is crucial, but it’s equally helpful to know what safe and healthy human foods you can offer as treats or supplements to their balanced diet. These can add variety and extra nutrients without the risks.

Lean Meats: Cooked, plain, boneless, skinless meats like chicken, turkey, or lean beef. Ensure no seasonings, sauces, or excessive fat. Remember to consult our guide on what meat should u never feed your dog for comprehensive information on safe meat choices.
Certain Vegetables:
- Carrots: Great for dental health and a good source of vitamins.
- Green Beans: Low in calories and high in fiber.
- Pumpkin (canned, plain): Excellent for digestive health, can help with both diarrhea and constipation.
- Sweet Potatoes (cooked, plain): Rich in vitamins and fiber.
- Cucumbers: Low-calorie, refreshing treat.
Certain Fruits (in moderation, seeds/pits removed):
- Apples: Good source of fiber and vitamins (remove core and seeds).
- Blueberries: Antioxidant-rich superfood.
- Bananas: Good source of potassium, but high in sugar so offer sparingly.
- Watermelon: Hydrating and refreshing (remove rind and seeds).
Plain Rice or Pasta: Cooked plain white or brown rice and plain pasta can be good for dogs with upset stomachs (often recommended by vets for bland diets).
Commercial Dog Treats: Always opt for high-quality, reputable commercial dog treats designed specifically for dogs. Check ingredient lists for any hidden harmful components.

Always introduce new foods slowly and in small quantities to observe for any adverse reactions. Even safe foods can cause digestive upset if introduced too quickly or in large amounts.

How to Get Your Senior Dog to Eat More

Tailoring Your Cocker Spaniel’s Diet: A Vet’s Role

While this guide provides comprehensive information on what Cocker Spaniels cannot eat, every dog is an individual. Factors such as age, activity level, existing health conditions (like allergies, sensitive stomach, or specific breed predispositions), and even individual metabolism can influence how a dog reacts to different foods.

For instance, Cocker Spaniels are renowned for their vigor. It is actually thought of as a competitive breed. To retain their fun and great levels of physical activity, they need a significant amount of fiber and carbs to give them the push they need. You may argue that dog food for Cocker Spaniels with allergies has to be high in carbohydrates and fiber. Additionally, you should examine the amount of fat in the Cocker Spaniel dog food you select. The appropriate amount of fat is important for the Cocker Spaniel to maintain healthy internal organ function hence it must be provided. Additionally, fat deposits are necessary for your dog’s bones to remain robust and powerful.

This is where your veterinarian plays an irreplaceable role. They can help you:

Assess individual needs: Based on your dog’s specific health profile.
Diagnose allergies or sensitivities: If your Cocker Spaniel shows signs of food allergies, a vet can help identify the culprit ingredients and recommend appropriate hypoallergenic diets.
Recommend appropriate commercial foods: There are many “best dog food list” options available, like Orijen Regional Red, Royal Canin Adult Dry Dog Food for Cocker Spaniels, Merrick Grain-Free, Blue Buffalo Cans Dog Food, or Feed Me Turkey Freeze-Dried Superfood, but your vet can guide you to the best choice for your individual pet.
Provide guidance on homemade diets: If you prefer to feed homemade food, your vet can help formulate a nutritionally complete and balanced recipe.
Offer advice on supplements: Healthy puppies who consume high-quality food don’t require any additional supplements, but adult or senior dogs might benefit from specific supplements under veterinary guidance.

Always remember to conduct a little study before choosing which foods to feed your spaniel. Check out the suppliers and manufacturers, read food reviews, and make sure you can readily and affordably purchase the food. If you need to alter your dog’s diet and introduce new items gradually, remember you must never abruptly change your Cocker’s diet.

Conclusion

Being a responsible Cocker Spaniel owner means providing not only love and exercise but also a safe and nutritious diet. Understanding “what can Cocker Spaniels not eat” is a fundamental aspect of preventive care that can significantly impact their long-term health and well-being. From common household items like chocolate and grapes to less obvious dangers like xylitol and raw yeast dough, the list of forbidden foods is extensive and requires constant vigilance.

By diligently keeping toxic items out of reach, recognizing the signs of poisoning, and knowing when to seek immediate veterinary help, you empower yourself to protect your beloved companion. Supplementing this knowledge with a balanced diet of high-quality, veterinarian-approved foods and healthy, safe treats ensures your Cocker Spaniel receives all the necessary nutrients while avoiding harmful substances. Always consult your veterinarian for personalized dietary advice, as they are your best resource for maintaining your Cocker Spaniel’s optimal health. With careful attention to their diet, your Cocker Spaniel can thrive, enjoying a happy and healthy life by your side.

References

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) – Poison Control Center.
Pet Poison Helpline.
Veterinary textbooks on toxicology and small animal nutrition.
World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Global Nutrition Guidelines.
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA).

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