Experiencing back pain in dogs can be a distressing situation for both the pet and their owner. A dog suffering from spinal disc issues might exhibit unusual behaviors, such as avoiding turning their head in a particular direction or hesitating before approaching their food and water bowls, only to eat or drink comfortably when the bowls are lifted. They may also display a wobbly gait, appearing weak in their hindquarters. In severe cases, this discomfort can escalate to paralysis, leaving the dog unable to stand or use their rear legs, and potentially leading to incontinence. Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a primary cause of back pain in dogs, affecting both older dogs and younger individuals of susceptible breeds. The impact of IVDD can range significantly, from minor discomfort to complete paralysis.
What is Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)?
A dog’s spine is composed of a series of vertebrae, but equally crucial are the intervertebral discs situated between them. These discs are vital for a dog’s ability to flex, bend, and turn, acting as shock absorbers for the vertebrae. Each disc consists of an outer ring of cartilage and a soft, gel-like core known as the nucleus pulposus, analogous to the filling in a sandwich. With age, these discs can calcify, diminishing a dog’s flexibility. Trauma can also cause discs to rupture, potentially pressing on the delicate spinal cord and leading to “disc herniation.” This can result in mild neurological signs or sudden paralysis, with symptoms varying based on the affected discs. Approximately 65% of IVDD cases occur in the thoracolumbar region (the back), while about 18% affect the neck, with the remainder involving both areas.
Diagnosing Back Pain in Dogs
The initial step in diagnosing back pain involves a comprehensive physical examination by a veterinarian. For mild cases, this examination, possibly supplemented with X-rays, is often sufficient. However, for dogs experiencing more severe pain, a referral to a veterinary neurologist is recommended. Advanced imaging techniques like MRI or CT scans may then be employed. These diagnostic procedures help veterinarians determine if the issue stems from disc degeneration or another condition, such as a cancerous growth.
Treatment Options for IVDD
Mild cases of IVDD can often be managed medically. Treatment typically includes restricting the dog’s activity, administering pain medications, and possibly muscle relaxants. If surgery is advised, prompt action is crucial, as delays increase the risk of irreversible spinal cord degeneration. Spinal surgery is a complex procedure aimed at removing bone to access and extract extruded disc material, thereby relieving pressure on the spinal cord. Post-surgery, dogs require initial crate rest, followed by carefully controlled exercise during their recovery period. They may need assistance with elimination and close monitoring for pressure sores. Full recovery can span several months. Electroacupuncture is also being used as an adjunctive pain management technique for both medically managed and post-operative IVDD patients, with supporting clinical and research evidence for its role in multimodal pain management. As recovery progresses, rehabilitation may incorporate laser therapy and underwater treadmill sessions, alongside prescribed home exercises and gradually increasing walking regimens.
Preventing Spinal Injuries in Dogs
While completely preventing spinal injuries can be challenging, certain measures can significantly reduce the risk. Maintaining a healthy weight and good physical condition for your dog is paramount. Minimize activities involving excessive stair climbing or jumping on and off furniture. Opt for safe activities like walking, rather than high-impact actions such as leaping for thrown toys. If you notice any signs of back discomfort in your dog, contact your veterinarian immediately. It is important to exercise patience with dogs experiencing back problems, as severe pain can lead to behavioral changes, including aggression.
Genetic Predisposition and Breed Tendencies
Genetic testing can offer valuable insights into a dog’s predisposition to disc problems. Approximately 10% of dogs with two copies of a specific gene defect are likely to develop disc issues later in life. This information can assist breeders in making informed mating decisions to minimize risk. It is noteworthy that Dachshunds are estimated to account for 40% to 75% of all IVDD cases, often exhibiting clinical signs between three and six years of age.
This article was reprinted with permission from the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine’s DogWatch newsletter.
