Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common ailment affecting dogs, with approximately 14% experiencing them at some point. These infections, typically caused by bacteria entering the urethra and traveling to the bladder, can lead to discomfort and various health issues if left untreated. Recognizing the symptoms, understanding the causes, and knowing when to seek veterinary care are crucial for a dog’s well-being. Signs your male dog has a UTI can include frequent attempts to urinate, straining, and producing only small amounts of urine.
Key Takeaways
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs are common and typically caused by bacteria traveling up the urethra into the bladder.
- Common signs include frequent urination, straining or pain while urinating, small amounts of urine, and sometimes blood or strong odor in the urine.
- Prompt veterinary care is important. Untreated UTIs may lead to serious complications, and effective treatment usually involves appropriate antibiotics and follow-up.
What Are Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Dogs?
A UTI in dogs occurs when bacteria, commonly found near the external urethral opening, ascend through the urethra into the bladder. While less frequent, viral and fungal infections can also cause UTIs. These infections often result in bladder inflammation and pain, manifesting as difficult or bloody urination.
UTIs in dogs can be categorized into two main types:
- Simple or uncomplicated (sporadic cystitis): Occurs without predisposing factors or other diseases, with fewer than three UTIs in the past 12 months.
- Complicated or recurrent: Associated with underlying medical conditions, predisposing causes, recent antibiotic use, or more than three UTIs in the past 12 months.
It’s important to note that a UTI in a dog can be a veterinary emergency. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications such as pyelonephritis (kidney infection), sepsis, and kidney failure.
Symptoms of UTIs in Dogs
The most common indicators of a UTI in dogs include:
- Painful urination (dysuria)
- Frequent urination of small amounts, sometimes appearing as dribbling
- Urinary accidents within the house
- Excessive licking of the genital area or visible inflammation of the genitalia, occasionally accompanied by salivary staining of the fur
- Blood in the urine
- A stronger than usual odor to the urine
In severe or untreated cases, additional symptoms may arise, such as fever. Symptoms of a UTI in a male dog can be particularly concerning due to anatomical differences.
Causes of UTIs in Dogs
Bacterial infections are the primary cause of UTIs in dogs, stemming from bacteria present on the skin or in the rectum that migrate up the urethra. While less common, viral and fungal agents can also be responsible. Typical bacteria implicated include Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, and Proteus spp.
Risk Factors That Increase UTI Likelihood
Female dogs tend to be more susceptible to UTIs than males, although any dog can be affected regardless of age or breed. Middle-aged to older dogs, those with weakened immune systems, and dogs with pre-existing conditions like Cushing’s disease, diabetes mellitus, or kidney disease are at a higher risk. Certain breeds, including Dalmatians and Shih Tzus, are predisposed to developing crystals and bladder stones, which can increase the likelihood of UTIs.
Health Conditions That Can Cause UTIs
Several health conditions can contribute to the development of UTIs in dogs. These include urinary incontinence, hooded or recessed vulvas in females, and the presence of polyps.
How Veterinarians Diagnose UTIs in Dogs
Veterinary diagnosis of a UTI typically involves:
- A physical examination of the dog’s urinary tract and genitalia to identify any signs of disease or inflammation.
- Palpation of the abdomen to assess for bladder tenderness.
- Urinalysis, often including a urine culture, to identify the specific bacteria present and determine the most effective antibiotic treatment.
- In male dogs, a rectal examination may be performed to palpate the distal urethra and prostate.
- Blood work may be recommended to evaluate overall health and check for systemic issues.
For complex or persistent cases, further diagnostic procedures such as a bladder biopsy or, in males, a prostatic wash or cytology, might be necessary.
Treatment of UTIs in Dogs
The cornerstone of UTI treatment in dogs is a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics prescribed by a veterinarian. Common antibiotics used include amoxicillin, cephalexin, and trimethoprim-sulfa.
For complicated UTIs, antibiotic treatment may be extended for several weeks, and any underlying or predisposing causes must also be addressed. If bladder stones or crystals are present, treatment might involve surgery or a specialized prescription diet designed to dissolve them, such as Royal Canin® S/O or Hill’s s/d. Surgical intervention or chemotherapy may be required for polyps or cancerous masses, or to correct ectopic ureters. Managing underlying health conditions like diabetes or Cushing’s disease is also critical for successful UTI treatment. Pain medications, such as NSAIDs like Rimadyl, may also be prescribed to alleviate discomfort and inflammation. Signs of your dog having a UTI should prompt a veterinary visit for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Recovery and Management of UTIs in Dogs
Many dogs show improvement within a few days of starting antibiotic treatment. However, it is crucial to complete the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms subside, to ensure the infection is fully eradicated. A follow-up urine culture may be recommended a few weeks after treatment to confirm the absence of infection. Hospitalization is rarely required for uncomplicated UTIs.
For dogs with complicated UTIs, ongoing monitoring with repeat urine cultures during and after treatment is often advised. If a dietary change was recommended, strict adherence to the new diet is essential after a gradual transition. Encouraging increased water intake can help dogs urinate more frequently, reducing the risk of crystal formation and growth into stones. Canned veterinary urinary diets, like Hill’s Prescription Diet c/d Multicare, can be beneficial due to their higher moisture content.
Prevention of UTIs in Dogs
While not all UTIs can be prevented, certain measures can help reduce the risk:
- For female dogs, especially those who are overweight or have hooded vulvas, regular cleaning with pet wipes can help manage hygiene. Medicated wipes may be recommended for dogs with recessed vulvas to prevent bacterial and yeast buildup. Discussing surgical correction of hooded vulvas with your veterinarian might also be an option.
- Ensure your dog has constant access to fresh water and provide frequent opportunities for urination. Using a pet water fountain can encourage increased water consumption.
- Promptly address any underlying health conditions that may predispose your dog to UTIs.
UTIs in Dogs FAQs
How can you tell if your dog has a UTI?
Common signs include frequent urination, straining during urination, urinary accidents, and blood in the urine.
Can a dog’s UTI resolve on its own?
Symptomatic UTIs in dogs require veterinary treatment, including prescription antibiotics and potentially other medications, probiotics, or dietary changes. Left untreated, UTIs can progress to life-threatening conditions.
How can I treat my dog’s urine infection at home?
While probiotics and cranberry extract might offer some support, their effectiveness is not always guaranteed, and evidence is limited. It is best to consult your veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment. Symptoms for urinary tract infection in dogs can vary, making professional assessment essential.
References
Byron JK. Urinary Tract Infection. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 2019;49(2), 211–221.
Seguin MA, et al. Persistent Urinary Tract Infections and Reinfections in 100 Dogs (1989–1999). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2003;17, 622–631.
Yogeshpriya S, Pillai UN, Ajithkumar S, Unny M. Clinico-Haemato-Biochemical Profile of Dogs with Urinary Tract Infection: A retrospective study of 32 cases (2010–2012). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2018;7(9), 2797–2802.
