Rabies is a devastating viral disease that affects the nervous system and is almost always fatal. Transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal, typically via a bite, rabies poses a significant threat to dogs, livestock, wildlife, and humans alike. Each year, the CDC documents thousands of animal rabies cases, with wild animals like bats, raccoons, foxes, and skunks being the most common carriers. Once clinical signs of rabies appear in a dog, the prognosis is grim, with death usually occurring within days.
How Dogs Contract Rabies and Its Incubation Period
A dog can contract rabies by coming into contact with the saliva of an infected animal, most commonly through a bite. The rabies virus travels along the nervous system to the brain. The incubation period can vary significantly, ranging from 10 days to 14 days, but in some cases, symptoms may not surface for months or even years, depending on the location of the initial exposure. A bite on the leg, for instance, will take longer for the virus to reach the brain than a bite on the face.
Recognizing the Symptoms of Rabies in Dogs
Infected dogs may exhibit a range of symptoms that can be difficult to distinguish from other illnesses. These can include:
- Changes in vocalization, such as barking differently.
- Excessive drooling or difficulty swallowing, often leading to what appears as “foaming at the mouth.”
- Behavioral alterations, such as uncharacteristic aggression, fearfulness, or even unusual affection.
- Overreactions to stimuli like touch, sound, or light.
- Biting at the area where they were exposed to the virus.
- Loss of balance and coordination when walking.
- Partial or complete paralysis.
- Seizures.
The Three Stages of Rabies in Dogs
The rabies virus progresses through three distinct stages in dogs, each with its own set of observable signs:
Prodromal Stage
During this initial phase, a dog with rabies may display subtle changes in behavior that deviate from their normal personality. A typically shy dog might become unusually outgoing, or an outgoing dog might become withdrawn. If you notice any such behavioral abnormalities after your dog has had an encounter with an unknown animal, it is crucial to isolate them from other pets and family members and contact your veterinarian immediately.
Furious Stage
This is the most dangerous stage, characterized by extreme nervousness and viciousness. Infected dogs may cry out excessively, experience seizures, and lose their appetite. The virus has begun to attack the nervous system, impairing the dog’s ability to swallow, which leads to the characteristic symptom of excessive drooling.
Paralytic Stage
This final stage marks the progression of the disease towards its inevitable conclusion. The dog will enter a coma and be unable to breathe. Sadly, this is typically when pets succumb to the virus, often about seven days after the initial symptoms appear, with death usually following within three days.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Rabies
Unfortunately, there is no definitive test for rabies in living animals. If your unvaccinated dog has had an altercation with an animal suspected of having rabies, difficult decisions must be made. Owners typically face the choice between quarantining their pet and waiting for symptoms to manifest or euthanizing the animal to prevent further suffering and potential transmission. Even with quarantine, the chances of survival are slim, and it may only prolong the animal’s distress.
Once a dog is infected with rabies, veterinary treatment is not possible. Quarantine or euthanasia remain the only options. This underscores the critical importance of rabies prevention through vaccination.
The Efficacy and Importance of Rabies Vaccination
Rabies vaccines are highly effective and stimulate a strong immune response, making vaccine failure a rare occurrence. Vaccination requirements can vary by location, but keeping your dog up-to-date on their rabies shots is paramount for protecting both your pet and everyone in your household from this deadly neurological disease.
Vaccination Schedule for Dogs
Veterinarians typically recommend the rabies vaccine as a core vaccine for puppies between 14 and 16 weeks of age. As antibody levels wane over time, booster shots are necessary to maintain immunity. Boosters are generally administered when a dog reaches 12 to 16 months old and then every one to three years, depending on the specific vaccine used by your veterinarian.
Potential Side Effects of Rabies Vaccines
While generally safe, rabies vaccines can cause mild side effects as they stimulate the immune system. These may include:
- A slight loss of appetite.
- Lethargy for 24 to 36 hours post-vaccination.
- A mild fever.
- Tenderness or mild swelling at the injection site.
In some cases, a small, painless lump may form at the injection site, and rarely, hair loss may occur in that area. It is important to note that not all dogs experience side effects. If they do occur, they typically resolve within one to two days.
Severe reactions are very uncommon but can happen due to an overreaction of the immune system. These serious side effects usually appear immediately or within a few hours of vaccination and can include:
- Vomiting or diarrhea.
- Coughing.
- Swelling of the face, eyes, or muzzle.
- Fainting or collapse.
- Hives (firm lumps on the body that may or may not be itchy).
- Severe swelling or pain at the injection site.
If you observe any of these severe symptoms, seek emergency veterinary care immediately.
Can Vaccinated Dogs Contract Rabies?
While no vaccine is 100% effective, the risk of a vaccinated dog contracting rabies is extremely low. Rabies vaccines are highly successful, and vaccinated dogs rarely become infected, even if exposed to a rabid animal.
Note: The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and does not substitute professional veterinary advice. Always consult your veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan for your pet.
Is your dog due for their rabies booster? Contact our Lincoln vets today to schedule an appointment and ensure your beloved companion remains protected.
