Cats are renowned for a variety of endearing behaviors, and one of the most recognizable is kneading, often affectionately termed “making biscuits.” This instinctual action involves a cat rhythmically alternating the push of its paws into a soft surface, much like a baker kneading dough. While this behavior is widespread, the underlying reasons and variations among cats—why some continue kneading throughout life while others stop after kittenhood—spark curiosity among pet owners. This article delves into the common theories behind why cats knead.
The Origins of Kneading Behavior
For most cats, kneading begins in their early stages of life. Kittens utilize this motion to stimulate milk production from their mother while nursing. The association of nursing with the comforting pheromones from the mother cat fosters a sense of contentment. Consequently, many adult cats continue to knead, replicating this feeling of calm and relaxation.
Beyond kittenhood, kneading is observed in wild feline species as well. They often knead soft grasses and bedding materials in their natural environments to prepare a comfortable resting place. Domestic cats may exhibit this behavior on their beds, blankets, and other favorite sleeping spots. Furthermore, cats possess scent glands located between their toes. When they knead an object or a person, they deposit their scent, effectively marking their territory and signaling ownership to other felines. Some experts also propose that kneading serves as a way for cats to stretch their muscles and alleviate tension in their limbs.
For many cats, kneading begins early. Kittens use a kneading action to stimulate milk production from their mother cat when nursing. Because nursing and being around a mother cat’s calming pheromones encourages a sense of contentment in young kittens, many cats will continue to knead into adulthood to create a similar sense of calm and relaxation.
Kneading Blankets: A Comforting Ritual
Cats frequently knead blankets and other plush items for several key reasons:
- To induce relaxation and alleviate stress: This behavior can evoke the comforting feelings associated with nursing. Some cats may even suckle on a blanket while kneading, further mimicking this early-life experience.
- To prepare their sleeping area: Similar to their wild ancestors, cats may knead bedding to make it softer and more comfortable before settling down for a nap.
- To mark their territory: By depositing their unique pheromones from their paw glands onto these objects, cats claim them as their own. If you wish to redirect this behavior, providing your cat with dedicated cat blankets can be an effective solution.
Kneading People: An Expression of Affection
When your cat kneads on you, it often stems from the same motivations as kneading blankets—seeking relaxation, relieving stress, or preparing for a nap by making their chosen spot more comfortable. You might notice your cat kneading on your stomach or lap before tucking their paws under themselves for a snooze.
This kneading behavior directed at you can also be a profound sign of affection. It harks back to their kittenhood interactions with their mother, conveying a deep sense of comfort and security they feel with you. Additionally, your cat might be using the scent glands in their paws to mark you with their unique pheromones, signifying that you belong to them.
When your cat kneads you, it can also be a sign of affection, since kneading is a behavior that he performed as a kitten with his mother.
When to Be Concerned About Cat Kneading
The physical act of kneading triggers the release of dopamine, a natural pain-reliever and mood-enhancer, in a cat’s brain. Therefore, an increase in kneading frequency or intensity might signal that your cat is experiencing discomfort or anxiety, using the behavior as a self-soothing mechanism.
This dopamine release also encourages the cat to continue kneading for further pleasure, which, in some cases, can indicate a compulsive behavioral disorder. Cats suffering from pain due to an injury or arthritis may also knead to stretch their sore limbs and ease muscle tension. If you observe a sudden increase in your cat’s kneading, it is advisable to consult with your veterinarian to rule out any underlying medical or behavioral issues.
Managing and Redirecting Kneading Behavior
Some cats can be quite enthusiastic with their kneading, sometimes extending their claws, which can be uncomfortable for owners or cause damage to furniture. While kneading is a natural and essential behavior for cats, it can be redirected to more appropriate outlets if it becomes problematic.
Consult Your Veterinarian
If your cat’s kneading is linked to a stress or an anxiety disorder, your veterinarian can discuss various treatment options. These may include prescription medications, natural supplements, or calming products like Feliway® pheromone diffusers and Purina® Calming Care. For kneading caused by medical conditions, addressing the underlying illness is paramount.
Avoid Punishing Your Cat
It is crucial never to punish your cat for kneading. Yelling, hitting, or using a squirt bottle can induce fear and anxiety, potentially leading the cat to knead secretly when unobserved, rather than ceasing the behavior altogether.
Encourage and Reward
Provide your cat with designated soft items, such as a blanket placed on the couch, for kneading. Consistently reward and praise your cat whenever they use these appropriate spots.
Do Not Declaw Your Cat
Declawing is not a solution for kneading issues. This surgical procedure, comparable to amputating the tips of a cat’s toes, can result in lameness, increased biting, and permanent nerve damage.
Maintain Claw Trims
Regularly trimming your cat’s nails short can prevent injuries to your skin and minimize damage to your furniture caused by kneading. If your cat’s kneading is uncomfortable, placing a blanket on your lap or stomach can act as a protective barrier between your skin and their claws. This approach allows you to preserve your bond with your cat while still permitting them to engage in this natural behavior.
Featured Image: SilviaJansesn/iStock / Getty Images Plus via Getty Images
References
Brister, JM. “Body Language of Cats.” Veterinary Partner, November 2018.
References
WRITTEN BY
Hannah Hart, DVMVeterinarian
Dr. Hart graduated from veterinary school in 2017 and began her career with USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service as a public health…
