Gaited horse breeds possess a unique natural ability to perform smooth ambling gaits, setting them apart from other equine types. This distinct locomotion is often linked to a specific genetic mutation, known as the DMRT3 “gait-keeper” mutation. Historically, these horses were highly valued for their comfort and efficiency during long-distance travel over varied terrains. Today, their rideability and distinctive movements continue to make them popular choices for trail riding, pleasure riding, and various equestrian shows. However, potential owners should be aware that some gaited breeds may also carry predispositions to certain genetic conditions affecting vision, muscle, and skin health. This guide delves into the history, characteristics, common health concerns, and specific nutritional requirements of gaited horse breeds.
The Rich History of Gaited Horses
The prevalence of gaited horses spans across the globe, with research suggesting a common genetic origin for many of these breeds. Through selective breeding processes in different regions, a diverse array of gaited breeds emerged, each tailored for specific historical purposes.
Origins of the Ambling Gait
A significant factor contributing to the ambling gaits observed in many horse breeds is a mutation in the DMRT3 gene. This “gait keeper” mutation directly influences locomotion patterns, enabling horses to naturally perform gaits beyond the standard walk, trot, and canter. This mutation has also been identified in horses used for harness racing, where it’s associated with the ability to maintain a faster pace without transitioning into a canter.
Historical analysis of horse remains suggests that the DMRT3 mutation may have originated in Medieval England, potentially between 850 and 900 AD. However, the limited scope of this particular study, which included only a few European horses and none from Asia within a specific timeframe, leaves room for debate regarding the mutation’s exact origin. Further research indicates a high frequency of the DMRT3 gene mutation in Icelandic horses, suggesting that ambling horses were likely brought to Iceland from the British Isles during the 9th to 11th centuries. It’s also believed that these early ambling horses may have traveled with Norse settlers and Vikings to continental Europe and other regions, contributing to the spread of the DMRT3 mutation.
Historical Significance and Use
The unique gaits of these horses allow for continuous ground contact, which minimizes the vertical movement of their center of mass. This efficiency in conserving energy is crucial for traveling at speed over extended distances without undue fatigue. Consequently, horses with ambling gaits offered a significantly more comfortable ride compared to those with gaits involving a moment of suspension, quickly establishing them as the preferred choice for long journeys.
Many modern gaited breeds trace their lineage to regions characterized by challenging terrains, such as rocky, hilly, or sandy landscapes. The inherent ability to maintain balance on uneven ground, thanks to their constant footfall, proved invaluable in these environments. While the advent of better roads and heavier carriages in 17th-century Europe led to a decline in the use of gaited breeds for long-distance transport, they maintained their popularity in the Americas.
Prominent Gaited Horse Breeds
A wide variety of gaited horse breeds exist worldwide. Some of the most recognized and popular breeds include:
- Icelandic Horse
- Tennessee Walking Horse
- Rocky Mountain Horse
- Paso Fino
- Peruvian Paso
- Missouri Fox Trotter
- American Saddlebred
- Spotted Saddle Horse
- Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse
- Florida Cracker
- Marwari Horse
- Racking Horse
American Standardbreds participating in pacing competitions are also considered gaited horses. It is worth noting that even within predominantly non-gaited breeds, individual horses may exhibit gaited abilities due to underlying bloodlines that include gaited breeds. This phenomenon can be observed in breeds such as the Morgan Horse and the Appaloosa.
Distinct Characteristics of Gaited Horses
Gaited breeds often share several physical and temperamental characteristics, largely stemming from their common ancestry and the biomechanics of their unique gaits. These conformational traits are instrumental in their distinctive locomotion and suitability for various equestrian disciplines.
Conformation
The height of gaited horses can vary significantly between breeds. For instance, Icelandic horses typically range from 13 to 14 hands, while Tennessee Walking Horses can reach up to 17 hands. Breed standards for most gaited horses generally emphasize:
- Long, sloping shoulders and hips
- Short backs
- Strong coupling
- High-set heads and necks
Compared to non-gaited horses of similar height, gaited breeds often possess proportionally longer hind limbs, which facilitates their extended strides during ambling gaits. Studies have identified several other morphological differences between gaited and non-gaited horses. For example, gaited horses may have smaller jaw and eye widths, proportionally longer front limbs, and thinner lower limb circumferences.
Coat Colors
Gaited horses exhibit a diverse range of coat colors. While some breeds permit all colors, others are recognized for specific hues or patterns. The silver dapple coat, for example, is a distinctive color commonly found in Rocky Mountain Horses and is relatively rare in the broader equine population. Breeds like the Spotted Saddle Horse may have registration requirements that include specific color patterns alongside gait performance.
Temperament
A hallmark of most gaited breeds is their generally easy-going temperament. This disposition is a legacy of their historical role, where stamina and a willing work ethic were essential for covering long distances over challenging terrain. This inherited temperament translates into docile and cooperative equine partners for contemporary riders. Their calm demeanor, combined with their exceptionally smooth gaits, makes them particularly attractive to senior riders and those new to horseback riding. However, as with all animals, individual personalities can vary.
Suitable Disciplines
Numerous breed organizations host competitions where gaited horses can showcase their natural gaits. Gaited Saddlebreds, for instance, frequently compete in the five-gaited saddle seat divisions. Horses that naturally prefer their ambling gaits over trotting or cantering may not be ideal candidates for disciplines like competitive dressage, which judge horses based on traditional gaits. Nevertheless, their comfortable gaits make them excellent partners for trail riding and endurance activities, with owners often reporting them to be sure-footed and courageous outside the arena.
Health Considerations for Gaited Horses
Gaited horses are susceptible to many health issues common in non-gaited breeds. However, their unique way of moving can present additional challenges in diagnosing and managing lameness.
Genetic Predispositions
Depending on their breed and lineage, gaited horses can be predisposed to specific genetic conditions. Understanding these potential health risks is vital for providing appropriate care and making informed decisions when acquiring a new horse.
- Multiple Congenital Ocular Anomalies (MCOA): Several inherited eye defects, including MCOA, are found in gaited horses. These conditions, present at birth, can affect various parts of the eye and lead to visual impairment. MCOA is particularly associated with dilution genes common in Rocky Mountain Horses.
- Congenital Stationary Night Blindness: This genetic condition, identified in breeds like the Tennessee Walking Horse, Standardbred, and Missouri Fox Trotter, impairs vision in low-light conditions.
- Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU): Recent studies have identified genetic risk factors for ERU in Icelandic horses. ERU is a leading cause of blindness in horses.
- Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa: American Saddlebreds can inherit this fatal skin disorder, which causes skin lesions and increases susceptibility to secondary infections in affected foals.
- Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM): This muscle disorder affects glycogen metabolism in muscle cells, potentially causing weakness or pain. The GYS1 gene mutation responsible for Type 1 PSSM has been identified in several gaited breeds, though it is less prevalent than in breeds like Quarter Horses and draft horses.
Common Health Problems
- Lameness: The unique locomotion of gaited horses can make recognizing lameness more difficult. Their smooth gaits and constant ground contact may mask subtle signs of discomfort, potentially delaying diagnosis. Research suggests that hind limb lameness is relatively common in gaited breeds, with issues in the hocks and stifles being frequently treated.
- Degenerative Suspensory Ligament Desmitis (DSLD): This chronic connective tissue condition, prevalent in Peruvian Pasos, leads to progressive weakening of the suspensory ligament, joint hyperextension, and lameness.
- Gastric Ulcers: Performance horses, including gaited breeds, face an increased risk of gastric ulcers and other digestive issues, often linked to the stress of competition and training.
- Metabolic Syndrome: Gaited horses, with the notable exception of Standardbreds, may be susceptible to metabolic syndrome. This condition can include insulin resistance, weight gain (often with cresty neck development), and an increased risk of laminitis.
Essential Care and Management Strategies
The fundamental care requirements for gaited horses are similar to those of non-gaited breeds. Implementing a comprehensive management program can significantly contribute to maintaining their soundness throughout their riding careers. Collaborating with a veterinarian, farrier, and trainer is recommended to develop a preventative wellness plan. While gaited show horses are often stabled, most breeds are hardy enough to thrive outdoors, provided they have access to adequate shelter. Daily turnout is beneficial for both the mental and musculoskeletal health of gaited horses. For horses with congenital night blindness, maintaining a well-lit environment at night is crucial to minimize injury risks.
Nutritional Program for Gaited Horses
A balanced nutrition program is fundamental to supporting the overall health and performance of all horses. The ideal feeding strategy for a gaited horse will depend on factors such as breed, lifestyle, and workload.
Weight Management
Many gaited breeds are considered “easy keepers” due to their efficient metabolism, which historically allowed them to thrive on sparse diets. This metabolic efficiency, however, can make them prone to obesity when fed diets high in starch and energy. Horses with equine metabolic syndrome are also at a heightened risk. Maintaining a healthy weight and adhering to an appropriate diet are key to mitigating these health risks. Careful management of their diet, selecting forages and feeds that match their energy requirements, is essential. A body condition score of approximately 5 on the Henneke scale is generally considered ideal for healthy gaited horses.
Sample Diet
The following sample diet is designed for a mature 1000 lb (450 kg) gaited horse at maintenance with normal body condition:
| Feed | Amount per day |
|---|---|
| Mid-Quality Hay (8% crude protein) | Free-choice |
| Salt | 30 g (2 tbsps) |
| Omneity® Pellets | 200 g (2 scoops) |
| W-3 Oil | 60 mL |
Diet Analysis:
- Digestible Energy (% of Req): 109%
- Protein (% of Req): 127%
- HC (ESC + starch; % Diet): 8.7%
Forage alone should adequately meet the energy and protein needs of most gaited horses at maintenance or in light work. However, hay and pasture can often be deficient in essential vitamins and minerals. Supplementation with a balanced vitamin and mineral product can help bridge these nutritional gaps. Mad Barn’s Omneity® is a comprehensive supplement designed to balance forage-based diets, providing essential nutrients that support hoof health, coat quality, immune function, and digestive health, among other benefits.
Forage Selection
Choosing the appropriate type and quantity of forage is the foundational step in creating a balanced diet for a gaited horse. Providing ample forage supports healthy digestive function and encourages natural grazing behaviors. Typically, horses in light work should consume approximately 2% of their body weight in forage daily. For a 1000 lb (450 kg) gaited horse, this equates to about 20 lb (9 kg) of forage per day. Low-sugar, low-starch average-quality grass hays are recommended for easy keepers to prevent excessive intake of hydrolyzable carbohydrates (HC). For most horses, HC intake should be less than 10% of the diet, and even lower for sensitive individuals. Analyzing a hay sample can provide precise nutritional data, aiding in the accurate formulation of a balanced diet. For overweight horses or those with metabolic issues, managing forage intake through slow feeders or grazing muzzles may be necessary.
Feeding Recommendations
While commercial concentrates are common for show horses, most gaited breeds do not require high-energy grains for weight maintenance. High-starch and high-sugar grains can exacerbate high insulin levels and potentially trigger laminitis. For gaited horses needing supplementary energy, opting for fiber-based feeds like beet pulp or hay cubes is advisable. Fat supplements, administered in controlled amounts, offer another safe source of concentrated calories. It is important to note that the safety of high-fat feeding for horses with metabolic syndrome has not been definitively established.
Research involving gaited horses in heavy training indicated that supplementation with oil enriched with vitamin E and essential fatty acids improved antioxidant capacity. Omega-3 fatty acid-rich fat sources also support anti-inflammatory mechanisms and contribute to joint health. All horses require constant access to clean, fresh water and free-choice loose salt to meet their sodium requirements.
Nutritional Supplements
Once a gaited horse’s diet is balanced and any nutrient deficiencies are addressed, targeted nutritional supplements can be considered to provide specific support.
Frequently Asked Questions About Gaited Horse Breeds
What makes a horse “gaited”?
Most non-gaited horses lack the DMRT3 “gait keeper” gene mutation essential for a natural, four-beat ambling gait. Without this mutation, their spinal locomotion is typically wired for the standard sequence of walk, trot, and canter, rather than the smooth, ground-contact rhythm of an amble. While some horses may exhibit unusual movements due to mixed ancestry, they rarely possess the sustained, energy-efficient gait characteristic of true gaited breeds.
What are the common conformational traits of gaited horses?
Gaited breeds often exhibit specific conformation features, including long, sloping shoulders and hips, a short back, strong coupling, and a high-set head and neck. These attributes support long, fluid strides that help maintain balance and rider comfort during ambling gaits. Additionally, gaited horses tend to have proportionally longer hind limbs, which enhances their ability to sustain smooth, ground-covering movement.
Why is recognizing lameness challenging in gaited horses?
Lameness recognition is more difficult in gaited horses because their unique ambling gaits can mask the typical head-bobbing or stride irregularities seen in trotting horses. The smoother motion and constant ground contact can obscure subtle limb discomfort, making it less obvious to owners and trainers. Research also indicates that hind-limb lameness is relatively common in these breeds, underscoring the importance of regular veterinary examinations to detect issues before they become severe.
What disciplines are gaited horses best suited for?
Gaited breeds often excel as dependable working horses and versatile sport mounts when matched appropriately. Their calm temperament and energy-efficient gaits make them ideal for trail riding, endurance activities, and general pleasure riding, allowing for long distances to be covered with less fatigue for both horse and rider. While some gaited horses perform exceptionally well in show classes that highlight their natural gaits, they are generally less suited for disciplines like competitive dressage, which rely on traditional gaits for scoring.
Summary
Gaited horse breeds are distinguished by their natural ability to perform smooth ambling gaits, often attributed to a shared DMRT3 “gait-keeper” mutation. Historically valued for their comfortable and efficient travel over challenging terrain, these horses remain popular choices for pleasure and show riding. However, it’s important to be aware that some gaited lines may carry predispositions to certain genetic health risks.
Selective breeding practices, originating from Medieval Europe and the North Atlantic, led to the development of numerous regional gaited breeds that eventually spread to the Americas. These breeds are characterized by efficient, ground-covering gaits, supported by conformational traits such as long sloping shoulders and hips, short backs, strong coupling, and a sure-footed nature ideal for trails. Common health concerns include potential genetic issues like multiple congenital ocular anomalies, congenital stationary night blindness, equine recurrent uveitis, junctional epidermolysis bullosa, and occasional polysaccharide storage myopathy, with hind-limb or stifle lameness being particularly challenging to detect. Nutritionally, most gaited horses are easy keepers that thrive on forage-first, low-NSC diets supplemented with balanced vitamins and minerals, free-choice salt, and additional fiber or fat calories if extra energy is required.
