The Ultimate Guide to Flea, Tick, and Lice Treatment for Dogs

The bond we share with our canine companions is truly special, bringing boundless joy and unconditional love into our lives. As responsible pet parents, ensuring their health and well-being is a top priority, and a critical component of preventative care involves safeguarding them from tiny, yet potentially dangerous, external parasites: fleas, ticks, and lice. These minuscule invaders are more than just an annoyance; they can pose significant health risks, ranging from skin irritations and allergic reactions to the transmission of severe diseases, impacting not only our dogs but sometimes even our human families. The pervasive nature of these pests means that vigilance and proactive measures are essential year-round, regardless of climate or lifestyle. Understanding the threats they present and knowing how to effectively implement a comprehensive Flea Tick And Lice Treatment For Dogs is paramount to maintaining your pet’s vitality and protecting your household.

This in-depth guide is designed to empower you with the knowledge needed to combat these common parasites effectively. We will delve into the intricacies of why prevention is so crucial, when and how to administer treatments, and what factors to consider when choosing the best products for your beloved canine. From understanding the life cycle of these pests to navigating the vast array of available treatments, both over-the-counter and prescription, we aim to provide a holistic overview that equips you to make informed decisions. By taking proactive steps in managing flea, tick, and lice infestations, you’re not just preventing discomfort; you’re actively contributing to a longer, healthier, and happier life for your dog. Join us as we explore the essential strategies and trusted solutions to keep your furry friend protected and thriving.

Understanding Fleas, Ticks, and Lice: Why Prevention is Crucial

Fleas, ticks, and lice are all types of ectoparasites, meaning they live on the external surface of their host, feeding on blood to survive. Their presence on your dog can lead to a host of problems, making robust preventative care an indispensable part of pet ownership. Effective flea tick and lice treatment for dogs begins with understanding the threats these parasites pose.

The Dangers of Ectoparasites

These parasites don’t just cause your dog to itch; their bites can have serious direct impacts on health:

• Flea Bites: The saliva from a flea bite is a common allergen, capable of triggering severe allergic reactions in sensitive dogs, leading to Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD). This condition results in intense itching, hair loss, skin inflammation, and secondary bacterial infections. In severe cases, especially in puppies or small dogs, a heavy flea infestation can lead to significant blood loss and life-threatening anemia.
• Tick Bites: Tick bites can cause localized skin irritation, inflammation, and abscesses. Some ticks inject neurotoxins that can lead to tick paralysis, a potentially fatal condition if the tick is not removed promptly. The embedded tick can also create an entry point for bacterial infections.
• Lice Infestations: While less common than fleas or ticks, lice can also cause intense itching, skin irritation, and a dull, matted coat. Heavy infestations, particularly in young, old, or immunocompromised dogs, can also contribute to anemia.

Diseases Spread by Fleas and Ticks

Beyond direct irritation, these parasites are notorious vectors for a variety of diseases that can debilitate your dog:

• Flea-borne Diseases: Fleas can transmit tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum) if ingested by your dog, and they can also carry diseases like Bartonellosis (cat scratch disease), which can affect dogs and humans.
• Tick-borne Diseases: Ticks are particularly dangerous due to the array of diseases they can transmit, including Lyme disease, Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Babesiosis, and Hepatozoonosis. These diseases can cause symptoms ranging from lameness and lethargy to fever, joint pain, kidney failure, and neurological issues, often requiring extensive and costly veterinary treatment.
• Lice and Disease: While less significant as disease vectors compared to fleas and ticks, lice can exacerbate other health issues due to constant irritation and scratching.

The Silent Threat of Lice

Unlike fleas and ticks which are often discussed, lice infestations (pediculosis) in dogs are sometimes overlooked. Dog lice are host-specific, meaning human lice cannot live on dogs and vice versa. There are two main types of dog lice: chewing lice (Bovicola canis) and sucking lice (Linognathus setosus). Chewing lice feed on skin debris, hair, and secretions, while sucking lice feed on blood. Symptoms are similar to flea infestations, including scratching, restlessness, matted fur, and visible nits (lice eggs) attached to hair shafts. While not typically life-threatening for healthy adult dogs, lice can be very uncomfortable and lead to secondary skin infections. An effective flea tick and lice treatment for dogs should ideally address all three parasite types.

Human Health Implications

It’s crucial to remember that some of these parasites and the diseases they carry can also affect humans. Tick-borne diseases like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever are significant public health concerns. Fleas can also bite humans, causing itchy welts, and their presence in your home can be a persistent nuisance. This zoonotic potential underscores the importance of year-round parasite control for the health of both your pet and your family.

When to Start and Maintain Flea, Tick, and Lice Prevention

A common misconception among pet owners is that parasite prevention is only necessary during warm months or if their dog spends a lot of time outdoors. However, this couldn’t be further from the truth. Effective flea tick and lice treatment for dogs is a year-round commitment.

Year-Round Protection: A Non-Negotiable

Fleas and ticks are incredibly hardy and adaptable creatures. While their activity might peak in warmer seasons, they don’t simply disappear when temperatures drop. Fleas can survive and reproduce indoors year-round, thriving in the warmth and humidity of your home. Ticks, particularly certain species, can remain active even in cold weather, emerging on warmer winter days to seek a host. Lice, being host-specific, are present on an infested animal regardless of the season.

The consequences of even a short lapse in prevention can be severe. A single female flea can lay up to 50 eggs a day, leading to a massive infestation in your home within weeks. A single tick bite can transmit a debilitating disease. Therefore, veterinarians overwhelmingly recommend consistent, year-round prevention to ensure continuous protection against these persistent pests. This proactive approach minimizes the risk of infestation, disease transmission, and the arduous task of eradicating an established parasite population from your home.

Starting Early: Puppy Prevention

The journey of preventative care often begins in puppyhood. Most flea and tick preventatives are safe for puppies as young as 8 weeks old, though some specialized products may be suitable for even younger animals (e.g., 6 weeks). It’s vital to consult with your veterinarian as soon as you bring a new puppy home to establish an appropriate parasite control program tailored to their age, weight, and specific needs. Starting early helps to shield vulnerable young dogs from the health risks associated with parasites, setting them up for a lifetime of good health. Ensuring your puppy is protected from these pests is a fundamental step in responsible pet ownership.

Choosing the Right Treatment: Key Considerations for Your Dog

Selecting the appropriate flea tick and lice treatment for dogs can feel overwhelming given the multitude of products available. What works for one dog might not be ideal for another due to various factors. A personalized approach, always in consultation with your veterinarian, is crucial.

Combination Medicines for Comprehensive Protection

Historically, some parasite treatments targeted only fleas. However, with the growing awareness of tick-borne diseases and the prevalence of other internal and external parasites, combination preventatives have become the gold standard. These products contain multiple active ingredients designed to battle various types of pests simultaneously, offering broad-spectrum protection. Many combination options also provide defense against heartworms, intestinal parasites (like roundworms, hookworms, and whipworms), and even mites (such as those causing sarcoptic or demodectic mange), providing a more holistic approach to parasite control. For instance, products like Credelio Quattro offer protection against six types of parasites: fleas, ticks, heartworms, roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms. This multi-pronged defense simplifies treatment regimens and provides superior protection compared to single-purpose products.

Consulting Your Veterinarian: The First Step

Before deciding on any flea, tick, or lice medication, a thorough discussion with your veterinarian is non-negotiable. Your vet knows your dog’s medical history, lifestyle, and local parasite risks better than anyone else. They can guide you through critical considerations, ensuring the chosen product is the safest and most effective fit for your pet. When reviewing product options, your veterinarian will help you confirm:

• Species Specificity: Ensure the product is specifically formulated for dogs, as many cat products contain ingredients that are toxic to dogs, and vice versa.
• Correct Weight Range: Parasite medications are dosed by weight. Using the wrong dosage can be ineffective or dangerous.
• Targeted Protection: Confirm that the product protects against the specific parasites prevalent in your area (fleas, ticks, lice, heartworms, intestinal worms).
• Administration Requirements: Understand if the product should be given with food, on an empty stomach, or applied in a specific manner.
• Dosage Frequency: Know how often the product needs to be administered (e.g., monthly, every three months, eight-month collar).
• Onset of Action: Be aware of how quickly the product starts to kill parasites.
• Post-Application Care: If topical, how long before your dog can be bathed or swim without reducing efficacy.
• Safety Concerns: Discuss any potential side effects or adverse reactions, especially if your dog has pre-existing conditions.
• Adverse Reaction Protocol: Know what steps to take if your dog experiences an adverse reaction to the medication.

Application Method: Oral vs. Topical

Flea, tick, and lice preventatives primarily come in two forms:

• Oral Medications: These are chewable tablets ingested by your dog, often flavored to be palatable. Oral treatments are convenient as they are not affected by water exposure (swimming or bathing) and eliminate concerns about residue on your pet’s fur, which is beneficial in households with small children or other pets who might come into contact with the treated dog. However, some dogs might be picky eaters, or sensitive stomachs could lead to vomiting, impacting absorption. It’s always best to monitor your dog to ensure the entire tablet is consumed and retained. For a comprehensive overview of internal parasite solutions, you might want to explore articles like dog itching medication if your dog is experiencing discomfort from parasites.
• Topical Spot-Ons: These are liquid solutions applied directly to your dog’s skin, typically between the shoulder blades or down the back. They are a good option for dogs who refuse oral medications. Care must be taken to ensure the product dries completely before allowing contact with children or other pets, as some ingredients can be harmful if ingested or absorbed through skin. Topical treatments can also have their efficacy reduced by frequent bathing or swimming, so they might not be ideal for highly active dogs who love water.

Geographic Location and Local Parasite Populations

The prevalence and types of fleas, ticks, and even lice can vary significantly by geographic location. What’s common in one region might be rare in another. Resources like the Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPCvet.org) offer helpful parasite prevalence maps, allowing you to identify the specific risks in your area. This information is crucial for selecting a product that offers adequate protection against the parasites your dog is most likely to encounter. Tailoring your dog’s flea tick and lice treatment for dogs to local risks ensures comprehensive coverage.

Tick prevalence map for a specific region
Another tick prevalence map demonstrating seasonal activity
Geographic distribution of a different tick species
Overall parasite risk map for dogs

Dog’s Access to the Outdoors

Your dog’s outdoor habits significantly influence their exposure risk. Dogs who frequent dog parks, hiking trails, wooded areas, or even just spend a lot of time in a bushy backyard are at a higher risk of picking up fleas and ticks. These environments are prime habitats for parasites. Even if your dog primarily stays indoors, fleas can hitch a ride into your home on clothing, shoes, or other pets. Ticks, though less mobile, can still be brought in. Therefore, regardless of how much time your dog spends outside, consistent flea tick and lice treatment for dogs is recommended by veterinarians. For breeds like Huskies, who often enjoy outdoor activities, finding the right protection is even more critical; you might find resources on best flea and tick medicine for huskies and best flea and tick treatment for huskies particularly useful.

Genetic Factors: The MDR-1 Gene

Certain dog breeds, particularly herding breeds like Collies, Australian Shepherds, Shetland Sheepdogs, and some others, may carry a specific gene mutation called MDR-1 (Multidrug Resistance 1). This mutation affects a protein responsible for pumping certain drugs out of the brain, making these dogs more sensitive to a variety of medications, including some parasite preventatives. For dogs with the MDR-1 mutation, even standard doses of certain drugs can lead to severe neurological side effects. Many veterinarians recommend testing at-risk breeds for the MDR-1 gene. While many manufacturers have tested their parasite preventatives for safety in MDR-1 positive dogs, it is always imperative to discuss this genetic factor with your vet to ensure the chosen medication is safe.

Lifestyle and Activity Levels

A dog’s lifestyle can influence the type and intensity of parasite exposure. Working dogs, hunting dogs, or those regularly participating in activities like agility or outdoor exploration will naturally have higher exposure risks compared to a more sedentary household pet. While no breed is inherently more prone to parasites, their breed characteristics and typical activities can dictate a higher potential for contact. For instance, long-haired breeds might be harder to inspect for ticks manually. A comprehensive flea tick and lice treatment for dogs plan should always account for these lifestyle factors.

Life Stage: Puppies, Adults, and Seniors

A dog’s age and size are critical factors in medication selection. Puppies have specific requirements, and most preventatives have a minimum age (typically 8 weeks) and weight requirement. Administering adult-strength medication to a puppy can be dangerous. Similarly, very small dog breeds require precise dosing. For senior dogs or those with underlying health conditions, caution is always advised. Always check the package insert for age and weight guidelines, and confirm with your veterinarian, especially for young puppies. Some products, like Revolution Topical Solution for Kittens and Puppies, are specifically formulated for early use.

Existing Medical Conditions and Sensitivities

Your dog’s current health status and medical history play a significant role in determining the safest preventative.

• Seizure Disorders: Certain classes of preventatives, known as isoxazolines (e.g., Bravecto, Credelio, Nexgard, Simparica Trio), should be used with extreme caution in dogs with a history of seizures, epilepsy, or other neurologic diseases. While most dogs tolerate these medications well, they may lower the seizure threshold in susceptible individuals.
• Allergic Reactions: If your dog has ever had an allergic reaction to a specific medication or ingredient, that product should be avoided.
• Pregnancy/Nursing/Breeding: Preventatives must be chosen carefully for pregnant or nursing dogs, or those intended for breeding, to ensure safety for both the mother and offspring.
• Illness/Underweight: A sick or underweight dog might be more vulnerable to adverse reactions. Any preventative should only be administered after a thorough examination and discussion with your veterinarian.

Considering these factors allows for a highly personalized and effective approach to flea tick and lice treatment for dogs, maximizing protection while minimizing risks.

Over-the-Counter vs. Prescription Flea and Tick Medications

When seeking a flea tick and lice treatment for dogs, you’ll encounter products available over-the-counter (OTC) and those requiring a veterinary prescription. Understanding the differences between these categories is important for making informed choices.

Understanding Over-the-Counter Options

Over-the-counter flea and tick preventatives are readily available without a veterinarian’s consultation or prescription. These products can be found in pet stores, supermarkets, and online retailers. They often include a variety of spot-ons, shampoos, dips, and collars. While the accessibility and often lower price point of OTC products can be appealing, it’s crucial to exercise caution.

Many OTC options may not offer the broad-spectrum protection found in prescription products, sometimes only targeting fleas and not ticks or lice. Their active ingredients may also be older formulations that parasites in certain areas have developed resistance to, potentially leading to ineffective treatment. Furthermore, some ingredients, particularly in older generation products, can be toxic if misused or if the pet has certain sensitivities (e.g., permethrin toxicity in cats). Even if you opt for an OTC flea and tick preventative, always consult with your veterinarian first to confirm its safety and efficacy for your specific pet.

The Benefits of Prescription Treatments

Prescription flea and tick preventatives are generally recommended by most veterinarians for several compelling reasons. These products often represent the latest advancements in veterinary pharmacology, featuring newer, more potent active ingredients that are highly effective against a wide range of parasites, including fleas, ticks, and often lice, mites, and intestinal worms.

• Comprehensive Protection: Prescription medications typically offer broader spectrum protection, often combining external parasite control with heartworm and intestinal parasite prevention in a single, convenient dose.
• Higher Efficacy: They are often more effective due to sophisticated formulations and ingredients that have undergone rigorous testing and approval processes.
• Veterinary Guidance: Prescribed by a veterinarian, these treatments come with personalized advice, ensuring the correct product, dosage, and administration method for your dog’s age, weight, health status, and lifestyle. This professional oversight minimizes risks and maximizes efficacy.
• Safety Profile: While all medications have potential side effects, prescription products often have extensive safety data and clear guidelines for use, with your vet able to monitor your pet’s response.

While prescription products may have a higher initial cost, their superior efficacy, comprehensive protection, and the added layer of veterinary expertise often make them a more cost-effective and safer choice in the long run, preventing costly infestations and serious health issues. When considering effective solutions for dogs and cats, resources like flea and tick medicine for dogs and cats provide valuable insights.

Popular Flea, Tick, and Lice Treatment Products for Dogs

The market offers a wide array of excellent products for flea tick and lice treatment for dogs. Here, we detail some popular options, highlighting their key features, active ingredients, and specific indications. Always remember that the best choice comes from a detailed discussion with your veterinarian.

Advantage

• Advantage II: This is a topical monthly solution containing imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen. It is fast-acting against all flea life stages (eggs, larvae, adults) and also kills chewing lice within hours. Important Note: Advantage II does not provide tick prevention. It is approved for dogs and puppies aged 7 weeks and older, weighing more than 3 pounds.
• Advantage Multi (Advocate outside North America): Another topical monthly product, Advantage Multi combines imidacloprid and moxidectin. This potent combination treats fleas, sarcoptic mange, and intestinal parasites including hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms, while also providing crucial prevention against heartworm disease. It is fast-acting for fleas (within hours) but may take up to 24 hours for other parasites. Important Note: Advantage Multi does not provide tick prevention. It is safe for dogs and puppies aged 7 weeks and older, weighing over 3 pounds.

Bravecto

Bravecto is a popular option available as a chewable tablet or topical solution, offering extended protection. Its active ingredient is fluralaner, an isoxazoline. Bravecto is fast-acting, starting to kill fleas within two hours and ticks within 12 hours, providing protection for up to 12 weeks (3 months). It has also demonstrated efficacy against demodectic mange, sarcoptic mange, and ear mites. As an isoxazoline, caution should be exercised in dogs with a history of seizures, epilepsy, or other neurologic disorders.

Comfortis

Comfortis is a monthly chewable tablet whose active ingredient is spinosad. This product is specifically designed to treat fleas, killing them rapidly within 30 minutes of administration. Important Note: Comfortis does not treat ticks or other parasites. It is suitable for dogs and puppies aged 14 weeks or older and weighing over 5 pounds.

Credelio

Credelio is a monthly chewable tablet that contains lotilaner, another active ingredient in the isoxazoline class. Credelio effectively treats both fleas and ticks, beginning to kill fleas within four hours of administration. It is approved for dogs and puppies aged 8 weeks and older, weighing more than 4.4 pounds. Similar to other isoxazolines, it should be used with caution in dogs with a history of seizures, epilepsy, or neurologic disorders.

Credelio Quattro

Building on Credelio’s foundation, Credelio Quattro is a monthly chewable tablet offering broad-spectrum protection. It contains lotilaner (for fleas and ticks) along with moxidectin (for heartworms, hookworms, and roundworms), praziquantel (for two species of tapeworms), and pyrantel (for hookworms and roundworms). This comprehensive formula covers six types of parasites. It is suitable for dogs and puppies 8 weeks of age and older, weighing at least 3.3 pounds.

Frontline

The Frontline family of products offers various topical solutions:

• Frontline Gold: A monthly topical product with fipronil, (s)-methoprene, and pyriproxyfen. This combination swiftly kills fleas, ticks, and chewing lice within hours. It is approved for dogs and puppies over 8 weeks old and weighing more than 5 pounds.
• Frontline Plus: Contains fipronil and (s)-methoprene as active ingredients, killing fleas, ticks, and chewing lice. While fast-acting, it may take slightly longer than Frontline Gold. It is for dogs and puppies over 8 weeks old and weighing more than 5 pounds.
• Frontline Shield: This monthly topical solution includes fipronil, permethrin, and pyriproxyfen. It offers comprehensive protection, killing fleas, ticks, chewing lice, and stable flies, while also repelling mosquitoes, stable flies, and ticks. It starts killing fleas in five minutes and ticks within one hour. Approved for dogs and puppies over 9 weeks old and weighing more than 5 pounds. Critical Safety Note: This product contains permethrin, which is highly toxic to cats. Extreme caution or avoidance is necessary in households with cats.

K9 Advantix II

K9 Advantix II is a monthly topical product combining imidacloprid, permethrin, and pyriproxyfen. This powerful formula repels and kills fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, and chewing lice, and also repels biting flies. It is fast-acting, beginning to kill parasites within hours. It is suitable for dogs and puppies over 7 weeks old and weighing more than 4 pounds. Critical Safety Note: Like Frontline Shield, K9 Advantix II contains permethrin and is highly toxic to cats. Households with cats must use extreme caution or consider alternative products.

Nexgard

Nexgard is a monthly chewable tablet with afoxolaner, an isoxazoline, as its active ingredient. It is highly effective against fleas and various ticks, including deer ticks, American dog ticks, brown dog ticks, and Lone Star ticks. It is also used extra-label for the treatment of sarcoptic and demodectic mange. Nexgard starts killing fleas within four hours and ticks within 48 hours. It is approved for dogs and puppies over 8 weeks old and weighing more than 4 pounds. As an isoxazoline, it should be used with caution in dogs with a history of seizures, epilepsy, or neurologic disorders.

Onguard Plus

Onguard Plus is a monthly topical product containing fipronil and (s)-methoprene. This combination effectively kills fleas, ticks, sarcoptic mange mites, and chewing lice. It is approved for dogs and puppies over 8 weeks old and weighing more than 5 pounds.

Seresto

The Seresto collar is a long-lasting option, providing 8 months of continuous protection against fleas and ticks through its active ingredients, imidacloprid and flumethrin. It kills fleas within 24 hours of application and ticks within 48 hours. If a dog swims or is bathed frequently (more than once a month), the efficacy might decrease, requiring replacement as often as every five months. The Seresto collar is suitable for dogs and puppies over 7 weeks of age.

Simparica Trio

Simparica Trio is a monthly chewable tablet that offers broad-spectrum protection. It contains sarolaner (an isoxazoline for fleas and ticks), moxidectin (for heartworms, roundworms, and hookworms), and pyrantel (also for roundworms and hookworms). It is also used extra-label to treat demodectic mange, sarcoptic mange, and ear mites. Simparica Trio begins killing fleas and ticks within 12 hours. It is approved for dogs and puppies over 8 weeks old and weighing more than 2.8 pounds. As an isoxazoline, caution is advised in dogs with a history of seizures, epilepsy, or neurologic disorders.

Trifexis

Trifexis is a monthly chewable tablet that combines spinosad and milbemycin oxime. It is effective against fleas, hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms, and also prevents heartworm disease. It is a fast-acting drug, beginning to kill fleas within 30 minutes. Important Note: Trifexis does not provide protection from ticks. It is approved for dogs and puppies aged 8 weeks or older and weighing over 5 pounds.

Vectra 3D

Vectra 3D is a monthly topical product featuring dinotefuran, permethrin, and pyriproxyfen. This powerful combination repels and kills fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, chewing lice, sand flies, biting flies, and some mites. It starts killing parasites within hours. It is approved for dogs and puppies over 8 weeks old and weighing more than 5 pounds. Critical Safety Note: Vectra 3D contains permethrin, making it highly toxic to cats. Avoidance or extreme caution is essential in households with cats.

Conclusion

Protecting our dogs from fleas, ticks, and lice is far more than just preventing an itch; it’s a fundamental pillar of responsible pet ownership that safeguards their overall health, prevents the spread of debilitating diseases, and even protects our own families. As we’ve explored, these tiny parasites pose significant and ongoing threats that demand consistent, year-round vigilance. The journey to effective parasite control begins with understanding the specific risks in your environment and progresses through careful consideration of the various treatment options available.

Remember, the landscape of parasite prevention is dynamic, with new products and insights emerging regularly. Therefore, the single most important step you can take is to establish and maintain a strong relationship with your veterinarian. They are your most valuable resource, equipped with the expertise to assess your dog’s unique needs, interpret local parasite prevalence data, and recommend a tailored flea tick and lice treatment for dogs that offers the broadest and safest protection. Whether it’s choosing between oral and topical applications, understanding specific breed sensitivities like the MDR-1 gene, or navigating the benefits of prescription versus over-the-counter options, your vet’s guidance is irreplaceable.

By committing to a proactive, comprehensive parasite prevention strategy, you are investing in your dog’s long-term health and happiness. Regular vet check-ups, diligent application of chosen preventatives, and staying informed about the latest recommendations will ensure your furry family member can enjoy a life free from the discomfort and dangers of these common pests. Keep your dog happy, healthy, and parasite-free—their well-being is a testament to your dedicated care. For more information on canine health and preventative care, continue exploring our comprehensive guides at Dog Care Story!

References

• PetMD. (n.d.). Best Flea & Tick Medications for Dogs. Retrieved from https://www.petmd.com/dog/vet-verified/best-flea-tick-medications-for-dogs
• PetMD. (n.d.). Dog Parent Guide to Flea and Tick Season. Retrieved from https://image.petmd.com/files/2025-09/PetMD%20ENG%20Version%20-%20Dog%20Parent%20Guide%20to%20Flea%20and%20Tick%20Season%20.pdf?VersionId=f4FjVulvzvA_UqLtk6DU4_5GiGl.a1Ce
• Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC). (n.d.). Parasite Prevalence Maps. Retrieved from https://capcvet.org/