Understanding Cat Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

If you’ve noticed your feline friend exhibiting unusual litter box habits, such as urinating outside the box, vocalizing distress during urination, or if you’ve observed blood in their urine, they may be suffering from a urinary tract infection (UTI). This article aims to provide comprehensive information on identifying the signs of a cat UTI, effective treatment options, and preventative measures to safeguard your cat’s urinary health. Understanding these aspects can help you provide the best care for your beloved pet.

What Constitutes a Cat UTI?

A urinary tract infection in cats typically occurs when bacteria infiltrate any component of the urinary system, leading to an infection. This system encompasses the kidneys, ureter tubes, bladder, urethra, and the external genitalia of both male and female cats.

Cat UTIs are considered a subset of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD), an overarching term that describes various health issues affecting the bladder and urethra. These conditions can stem from infections or obstructions within the urethra, such as stones or crystals. Bacteria can enter the urethra if a cat uses a litter box that has not been cleaned regularly. Staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria can also be the culprits.

In younger, healthy cats, the urinary system and immune system generally work in tandem to eliminate bacteria and prevent infections. However, UTIs are more prone to occur in cats with a compromised immune system or urinary system, which can be attributed to several underlying conditions:

• Advanced age: As cats age, their immune system may weaken, making them more susceptible to infections.
• Anatomical abnormalities: Congenital or acquired irregularities in the urinary tract or genitalia can predispose a cat to UTIs.
• Incontinence: Loss of bladder control can lead to incomplete emptying and an increased risk of bacterial growth.
• Systemic illnesses: Chronic conditions like diabetes or kidney failure can impair the body’s ability to fight off infection.
• Thyroid issues: Hyperthyroidism, a common condition in older cats, can sometimes be associated with urinary tract problems.
• Tumors: Growths within or near the urinary tract can cause blockages or inflammation.
• Urinary stones, crystals, or other blockages: These can obstruct urine flow and create an environment conducive to bacterial growth.
• Urine pH imbalance: While bacteria can make urine alkaline, overly acidic urine can lead to the formation of calcium oxalate stones.

Furthermore, medications that suppress the immune system, the use of a bladder catheter, or even significant stress can contribute to the development of a UTI in cats.

Recognizing the Signs of a Cat UTI

Some cats may not display obvious outward symptoms of a UTI, a condition known as being asymptomatic. However, for many cats, experiencing a UTI will manifest in several noticeable signs and symptoms:

• Blood in the urine: This can range from a pinkish tinge to visible clots.
• Discharge from the genitals: This may indicate inflammation or infection.
• Increased thirst: Cats may drink more frequently as they try to flush out the infection.
• Frequent urination: You might observe your cat trying to urinate more often, often in small amounts.
• Urinating outside the litter box: This is a common behavioral change indicating discomfort or a problem with the litter box or bladder.
• Hiding or appearing withdrawn: Cats in pain or feeling unwell often seek solitude.
• Vocalization during urination: Howling, meowing, or crying while attempting to urinate signals distress.
• Loss of appetite: A general feeling of sickness can lead to a decreased interest in food.
• Straining to urinate: This can be a sign of a painful urination or a blockage.
• Darker than normal urine: This could indicate dehydration or the presence of blood.

It is crucial to understand that these symptoms can also be indicative of other, potentially more serious urinary health issues, such as cystitis, bladder stones, or a life-threatening urinary tract blockage. Therefore, if you observe any of these signs, prompt veterinary examination is essential for an accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.

Urinary Tract Infections in Male Cats

While female cats are more commonly affected by UTIs, male cats are certainly susceptible. However, male cats face a higher risk of developing urinary blockages, which can severely impede or completely prevent urination. This condition is an emergency and can be fatal if not addressed immediately.

Any male cat exhibiting UTI symptoms should be considered an emergency and require immediate veterinary attention. Similarly, any cat, regardless of gender, showing UTI symptoms and unable to urinate more than a few drops for over eight hours necessitates urgent medical care.

Potential Complications of Untreated Cat UTIs

If a cat’s UTI or other FLUTD condition is left untreated, it can lead to severe complications, including urinary blockages. These blockages can result in a ruptured bladder and the development of kidney disease. Furthermore, untreated infections in the bladder can lead to the formation of kidney stones. Stones and crystals can cause significant pain, inflammation, and partial or complete urinary obstructions. This can, in turn, cause the bladder to distend and eventually rupture, leading to a loss of kidney function, toxic buildup in the blood, and potentially death.

Diagnosing Urinary Tract Infections in Cats

The diagnostic process for a cat UTI typically involves a comprehensive approach by a veterinarian:

• Physical Examination: A thorough check from nose to tail helps identify signs of underlying illnesses and allows the vet to palpate the bladder and kidneys for blockages or signs of pain.
• Urinalysis: This test examines the urine for bacteria, blood, crystals, and other indicators of infection, including the urine’s pH level and enzyme content.
• Urine Culture: If an infection is suspected, a urine culture is performed to identify the specific bacteria present and determine the most effective antibiotics.
• Imaging: If obstructions like stones or crystals are suspected, X-rays or ultrasounds may be recommended to confirm their presence and location.

Collecting a urine sample may involve the vet keeping your cat for a few hours, or you may be sent home with non-absorbent litter to collect a sample yourself. Alternatively, a cystocentesis, where a small needle is used to draw urine directly from the bladder, can provide a fresh, uncontaminated sample. This procedure is quick and generally causes minimal discomfort.

The estimated cost for diagnosing a UTI in cats typically ranges from $200 to $300, not including further tests for underlying conditions. A follow-up examination within two to three weeks of starting treatment, to retest the urine and ensure the infection has cleared, may incur an additional cost of $200 to $300.

Cat UTI Treatment Options

Antibiotics are the cornerstone of treatment for most cat UTIs. Veterinarians commonly prescribe a liquid amoxicillin that can be administered orally at home. If your cat is resistant to oral medication, an injectable antibiotic that lasts for up to two weeks may be an option. The cost of antibiotics can range from $10 to $30, depending on the type and dosage.

Anti-inflammatory medications may also be prescribed to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation at the infection site. These prescriptions typically cost between $10 and $14 or more.

For cats with urinary crystals or stones, a prescription diet is often necessary. These specialized foods are formulated to balance urine pH, helping to dissolve existing stones and prevent new ones from forming. Monthly costs for these diets can range from $75 to $100 and may be a lifelong requirement.

In cases of recurrent urinary obstructions, especially in male cats, hospitalization and surgery may be required to remove the obstruction and prevent its recurrence. The cost for hospitalization and surgery can range from $1,500 to $4,500, depending on the duration of the stay and the complexity of the procedure.

Home Remedies for Cat UTIs

While there are no home remedies that can effectively cure a cat’s urinary infection, certain supportive measures can aid in their recovery and overall well-being. It is crucial to remember that these should not replace veterinary care.

• Increase fluid intake: Ensure your cat has constant access to fresh, clean water. Offering wet food instead of dry food can also significantly increase their moisture intake. Wet food is often higher in protein and lower in carbohydrates, which can be beneficial for cats with urinary issues.
• Supplement with fruits and vegetables: Small amounts of safe fruits and vegetables can provide beneficial antioxidants and micronutrients. Always consult your veterinarian for a list of appropriate options, as some common human foods are toxic to cats.
• Add apple cider vinegar: A small amount of organic apple cider vinegar (half a teaspoon daily) can help increase urine acidity, which may aid in killing bacteria and preventing crystal formation. However, if your cat has kidney disease, consult your vet before implementing this, as it may affect their ability to process acid.

Preventing Cat UTIs

While complete prevention may not always be possible, several strategies can support your cat’s urinary health and reduce the likelihood of UTIs:

• Diet: Consider a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet.
• Hydration: Always provide fresh, clean water.
• Litter box hygiene: Keep the litter box meticulously clean.
• Regular veterinary checkups: Annual or biannual health assessments are crucial for early detection of issues.
• Weight management: Maintain a healthy weight for your cat.
• Prompt veterinary attention: Contact your vet immediately if you notice any changes in urination habits or litter box behavior.

For cats with recurrent UTIs due to structural abnormalities, surgical correction may be a discussion point with your veterinarian.

Frequently Asked Questions About Cat UTIs

Can cranberry juice help UTIs in cats?

The effectiveness of cranberry juice or supplements for cat UTIs is debated. Some research suggests cranberries may inhibit certain E. coli strains, but their impact on other bacteria responsible for UTIs is less clear. While not a substitute for antibiotics, some evidence suggests they might offer supplementary benefits. However, potential drawbacks exist:

• Oxalates: Cranberries contain oxalates, which could increase the risk of urinary stones or kidney stones in some cats.
• Vitamin C: Many cranberry supplements for cats contain added Vitamin C to increase urine acidity. This can also promote oxalate production.
• Dosage: There is no standardized dosage or clinical study on cranberry use for cats.

Always read product labels carefully and consult your veterinarian before giving your cat any cranberry products or supplements.

How long does it take for a cat to recover from a UTI?

Recovery time varies depending on individual factors such as the cat’s age, the severity of the infection, immune system strength, and the promptness and type of treatment received. For mild infections without complications, recovery can generally be expected within a couple of weeks.

How long can a cat UTI go untreated?

If you suspect a UTI, seek veterinary care immediately, especially for male cats, as urinary blockages are a critical emergency. For female cats not showing signs of obstruction, schedule a prompt appointment with your regular veterinarian and implement supportive home remedies while awaiting the visit. Your cat should not go more than a few days without treatment, as the infection can spread and lead to severe complications, causing significant pain and discomfort. The sooner treatment begins, the sooner your cat will feel better.

Financial Support for Your Cat’s Care

The CareCredit credit card offers a convenient way to manage costs for annual checkups, specialized food, and treatments at veterinary practices within the CareCredit network. You can find a participating veterinarian near you using the Acceptance Locator to ensure your pet receives the best possible care throughout their life. The CareCredit Mobile App can help you manage your account, find providers on the go, and access valuable pet care resources.

Expert Reviewer

Dr. Kathy Wentworth, V.M.D.

Dr. Kathy Wentworth served as the Medical Director at the VCA PetPoint Medical Center and Resort in Irvine, California. A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Veterinary Medicine, she became board-certified as a Diplomate in Canine and Feline Practice by the American Board of Veterinary Practitioners in 2010.

Author Bio

Jean Marie Bauhaus is a freelance writer and novelist with extensive experience writing pet-related content since 2013. Her work has been featured on prominent platforms such as Forbes.com, Hill’s Pet, Chewy, and AKC.org.