Constipation is a common and distressing digestive issue for felines, characterized by hardened, dry stools that are difficult to pass. When you observe your cat straining in the litter box with little to no output, or passing small, firm feces, constipation is likely the cause. Prompt treatment is crucial to prevent potential long-term damage from prolonged colon distension. Effective management involves identifying and addressing the root cause, clearing impacted feces, and implementing strategies to prevent recurrence.
Common Causes of Feline Constipation
Several factors can contribute to constipation in cats. Understanding these underlying issues is the first step in effective treatment.
Dehydration
Insufficient water intake is a primary culprit. This can stem from various sources, including underlying diseases, inadequate access to water, or the side effects of certain medications. Ensuring your cat stays adequately hydrated is paramount.
Gastrointestinal Motility Problems
The normal movement of the digestive tract can be disrupted by several conditions. Electrolyte imbalances, inflammation of the intestines (such as inflammatory bowel disease), and some medications can all impair GI motility, leading to constipation.
Difficulty Defecating
Physical discomfort or mobility issues can make it hard for cats to defecate properly. Pain associated with pelvic fractures, hind limb injuries, arthritis, or impacted anal glands can cause cats to avoid or struggle with defecation. Neurologic problems and orthopedic issues can also play a role.
Intestinal Obstruction
Blockages in the colon can lead to severe constipation. These obstructions can be caused by ingested foreign objects, such as hairballs from excessive grooming or even non-food items, as well as tumors or hernias within the intestinal tract.
Idiopathic Constipation and Megacolon
In some cases, the cause of constipation remains unknown, a condition referred to as idiopathic constipation. A significant contributor to chronic constipation is megacolon, a condition where the colon becomes abnormally enlarged and its ability to move fecal matter is diminished.
Diagnosis and Treatment
A comprehensive veterinary examination is essential for diagnosing the cause of constipation. This typically includes a detailed history of your cat’s diet and habits, a thorough physical assessment, blood work, and urinalysis to rule out various underlying conditions. Radiographs (X-rays) of the spine and hind limbs may also be necessary to identify orthopedic or neurological causes.
Treatment focuses on addressing the identified cause, manually removing impacted feces if necessary, and establishing a plan to prevent future occurrences.
Dietary Management for Recurrent Constipation
For cats suffering from chronic constipation, dietary modifications can significantly reduce the risk of recurrence.
Increasing Water Intake
Adequate hydration is key to softening stool.
- Canned Food: Feeding a diet primarily composed of canned food can significantly increase water intake due to its higher moisture content.
- Adding Water to Dry Food: If your cat is resistant to canned food, try adding a small amount of water to their dry kibble.
- Water Fountains and Running Water: Some cats are encouraged to drink more from moving water sources like pet fountains or even a gently running faucet.
Weight Management
Obesity in cats increases the risk of constipation. A weight loss plan may involve:
- High-Fiber Diets: These diets can aid in weight loss and promote better intestinal movement for some cats.
- High-Protein, Low-Carbohydrate Diets: These diets more closely mimic a cat’s natural dietary intake and can be effective for weight management.
- Increased Exercise: Encouraging play and activity helps burn calories and stimulates the bowels.
Highly Digestible Diets
These diets are formulated to be easily processed by the cat’s digestive system.
- Reduced Stool Output: Because the food is efficiently utilized, less waste is produced.
- Reduced Intestinal Inflammation: For cats with sensitive digestive systems, highly digestible foods can lessen irritation.
- Improved GI Motility: These diets can support smoother passage of food through the digestive tract.
The Role of Fiber
Fiber can be a double-edged sword in managing constipation, as it can help some cats while worsening the condition in others.
- Insoluble Fibers: Such as cellulose and wheat bran, add bulk to the stool, helping to speed its passage when there are no underlying motility issues.
- Soluble Fibers: Found in ingredients like pectins and guar gum, feed beneficial colon cells and can improve motility in cases of GI motility disorders.
- Mixed Fibers: Psyllium, beet pulp, and pea fiber offer benefits from both soluble and insoluble types.
Given the varied effects of fiber, it’s crucial to introduce fiber supplements gradually, starting with a small dose and increasing it slowly until the desired effect is achieved. If you are considering adding kitten supplement or fiber-rich food, consulting with your veterinarian is the best approach.
When to Consult Your Veterinarian
If your cat is experiencing constipation, it is essential to schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. They can accurately diagnose the underlying cause and recommend the most appropriate treatment and dietary plan. This may involve prescription diets, such as high calorie dry cat food for weight gain or specifically formulated nutritious dry cat food, or exploring options like liquid diet for cats or high calorie cat wet food if weight gain or specific nutritional needs are a concern. Your vet’s expertise is invaluable in resolving or significantly improving your cat’s constipation issues.
Reference
Veterinary Information Network (VIN). Comparison Of Properties Of Psyllium, Inulin, And Wheat Dextrin; Which To Use As Fiber Sources For Cats; Fiber For Constipation/Obstipation In Cats? Accessed February 26, 2014.
