Atopic dermatitis, a common allergic skin condition in dogs, can cause significant discomfort for our canine companions. Recognizing the signs and understanding the diagnostic and treatment approaches is crucial for pet owners. This condition often requires a multi-faceted strategy, involving the veterinarian closely with the owner to manage symptoms and improve the dog’s quality of life.
Understanding the Diagnosis of Atopic Dermatitis
Diagnosing atopic dermatitis in dogs relies heavily on a veterinarian’s clinical observations and physical examination. A key part of the diagnostic process involves systematically ruling out other common causes of allergies, particularly parasites and food sensitivities.
Ruling Out Parasites and Other Underlying Conditions
To eliminate parasitic causes, a thorough full-body examination for fleas, lice, and mites is essential. Furthermore, diagnostic tests such as a blood panel, fecal test, and urinalysis are performed to ensure there are no underlying systemic diseases, like hypothyroidism, that could be contributing to or exacerbating the skin issues.
Identifying Food Allergies Through Elimination Diets
To pinpoint a potential allergy to specific food ingredients or proteins, an appropriately formulated “elimination diet” is often recommended. Your veterinarian will require a comprehensive medical history, including detailed information about your pet’s diet, any treats consumed, and even chew toys with flavoring agents. An elimination diet typically consists of a novel protein and carbohydrate source that your dog has not been exposed to previously. It is imperative to feed only the prescribed diet for the duration recommended by your vet.
Allergy Testing for Persistent Cases
If atopic dermatitis is diagnosed and the dog is not responding adequately to conventional treatments, your veterinarian may suggest allergy testing. There are two primary types of allergy tests available: intradermal allergy testing and blood allergy testing.
Intradermal Allergy Testing
Intradermal allergy testing is a procedure similar to that performed on humans. After the dog’s fur is clipped, approximately 60 allergens are injected in small amounts into the skin on one side of the body while the dog is under sedation. While often considered the “gold standard,” this test can involve some subjective interpretation by the professional administering it and may not be entirely reliable, especially if reactions are not pronounced.
Blood Allergy Testing
Blood allergy testing aims to measure the levels of antibodies your pet has developed against specific allergens. As this test can also be variable in its accuracy, it is highly recommended to discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and associated costs of each testing method with your veterinarian.
Treatment Strategies for Atopic Dermatitis
Once a diagnosis is confirmed, your veterinarian will develop a tailored treatment plan. These treatments can be used individually or in combination, depending on the severity of the condition and the dog’s specific response to therapy.
Anti-inflammatory Medications
Various medications can be highly effective in alleviating itching. These include Apoquel, Atopica, fatty acid supplements, prednisone, and antihistamines. Apoquel and Atopica are notable for being the only FDA-approved non-steroidal drugs specifically for managing canine atopic dermatitis. As Apoquel is a newer medication, its long-term effects are still being studied. Common side effects observed include vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and lethargy. Potential, though generally rare, effects can involve increased susceptibility to infections or skin disorders, and possibly certain types of cancer due to immune system suppression. It is vital to discuss these potential side effects with your veterinarian.
Topical Therapy
Medicated shampoos and conditioners play a significant role in managing atopic dermatitis. Regular bathing helps to wash away allergens that may be adhered to the skin’s surface. The active ingredients in medicated products can reduce itching and help control secondary infections. Using lukewarm water during baths can also provide soothing relief to irritated skin.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Medications
Dogs suffering from atopic dermatitis are often susceptible to recurrent bacterial and yeast infections of the skin and ears. Antibiotics and antifungal medications may be necessary to combat these infections effectively. Topical treatments, such as antibacterial and antifungal shampoos, can also be beneficial in resolving and/or preventing such infections.
Dietary Management
In cases where environmental and food allergies are both identified, a hypoallergenic diet may be combined with the therapies mentioned above.
It is important to understand that while atopic dermatitis can often be managed effectively, a complete cure may not always be achievable. Furthermore, individual dogs may respond differently to various medications. Therefore, close collaboration with your veterinarian is essential to determine the most effective and personalized treatment plan for your dog.
